Wednesday, July 31, 2019
LPN Scope of Practice Essay
The Nurse is defined by the University of North Carolina as â€Å"the leader in providing compassionate, quality care, focusing on the unique needs of patients and their families.†It goes on to define the Nurse as someone who â€Å"collaborates with patients families and other health team members to plan and provide Nursing care that will achieve an optimal level of health and wellness, or when this is not possible, support the experience of loss and death.†I completely agree with these statements. Deciding to take on the role of a Nurse shows the selflessness of the person. It is making the decision to put someone else before one’s self. It is the act of transforming from whatever type of person they are on the outside of the work place, and becoming someone who is non-judgmental, optimistic, positive, caring, empathetic and has the understanding ability to be able to provide care while respecting the patient’s wishes and beliefs. I feel as if certain c haracteristics of the Nurse are not taught. These are personality traits that we are born with and whether or not we utilize them, is up to us. Other Characteristics of the Nursing role, I feel are obtained by training and education. For example, inserting a Foley catheter, or any sterile procedure for this matter, training has to take place for the Nurse to properly insert the catheter. We have to be trained how to properly open the package, how to move so that sterility isn’t broken and know proper techniques to insert the catheter. The Nurse must be trained on how to do this skill but unless she is educated, then the skill is useless. The Nurse is educate on rationales to each step, i.e.: Why am I doing this?, What am I looking for? What do I do If this happens? How will this affect the patient? Nursing is an incredibly interesting field with many doors of opportunity. It is a field that interests me greatly. There are so many different areas of nursing which makes the learning process never ending. While pursuing my Nursing license, I find it extremely comforting to know that if I ever feel â€Å"burnt out†on a specific area of the field, I can move on to different areas. I am not obligated to do the same type of Nursing for the rest of my life. My options are endless. While comparing the roles of the Licensed Practical Nurse in North Carolina versus South Carolina, I was a little surprised at some of the differences. I had a very hard time finding specific skills that an LPN in NC could perform. We are directed straight other pages which don’t necessarily directly state do’s and don’ts. Some skills with both North Carolina and South Carolina can be performed by the LPN if, and only if, the employer has documentation of proper training, continuing educations courses, verification of skill competency by at least an RN, and frequent evaluation of the Nurse’s competency of completion with the skill being performed, on file. Both states have set rules on how much continuing education is necessary or how frequent the skill competencies should be evaluated. Both States allow the Licensed Practical Nurse to assist in preforming the initial assessment but are not allowed to make nursing diagnoses. They both allow the LPN to verify blood with an RN but LPNs are not allowed to hang blood. Neither state allow the LPN’s to do any pulmonary artery pressure or pronounce death. Also, in South Carolina the Licensed Practical Nurse cannot evaluate or stage p ressure ulcers, they can only document on the observations of the ulcer once the RN have evaluated and staged it. In North Carolina, the LPN can first assess and size the wound or ulcer or even change the dressing under a specific order and a Registered Nurse will verify the LPN’s evaluation. South Carolina does not allow LPNs to do any arterial punctures, but they can manage the site; LPN’s in North Carolina can complete arterial punctures for the collection of blood. The two differences that fascinated me the most dealt with acupuncture and cosmetic procedures. In North Carolina, the LPN, or the RN, cannot practice acupuncture. It is prohibited, unless an individual has completed a 3 year postgraduate acupuncture college or training program verified by the state. In South Carolina, an LPN can practice acupuncture under a Licensed Acupuncturist as long as he/she has been trained under the employer, it is documented, and a request to practice has been approved by the state. With cosmetic procedures, in South Carolina a Licensed Practical Nurse can only apply chemical peels with less than twenty percent acid solutions and they may also do a microdermabrasion under a dermatologist. In North Carolina, a Licensed Practical Nurse can do a broad range of skills in the cosmetology field. He/She may give a microdermabrasion, chemical peels, give Botox, collagen injections and laser hair removal. With Botox and Collagen injections affecting the appearance so greatly, it is hard to believe that this is a skill that an LPN can become properly trained on. The Charge Nurse role is defined by the North Carolina Board of Nursing as â€Å"an RN who supervises and manages patient care delivery settings or groups of clients, usually for designated time periods.†It also defines the Nurse-In-Charge role as â€Å"the assigned role and responsibility of an LPN who participates in assuming the implementation of established health care plans for a designated number of clients under RN supervision.†Basically how I interpreted this was, the LPN can be the Manager when the Manager is away. The Licensed Practical Nurse will continue to work in the appropriate scope of practice and report to the Registered Nurse. The LPN will call to report updates or for guidance in certain situations. If the task at hand is not in the scope of practice for the LPN, the RN will be called to come in to make decisions or perform the tasks. Working in a long term care facility has helped me better understand the difference between the two, although we do not use the term Nurse-In-Charge as often as we should. On weekends we have two specific Nurses who work opposite weekends of each other and are delegated the responsibility of being the Nurse-In-Charge. On Fridays, before our Charge Nurse leaves for the weekend, she will do a quick run through with the Nurse-In-Charge for the weekend. They go through and talk about the â€Å"what if’s?†for the weekend, and what to do and not to do. These Nurses also know when a phone call needs to be placed to the Charge Nurse. Throughout the weekend, they call with updates and notify the Charge Nurse of any changes that have or are occurring with any health statuses of the Residents. Depending on the situation, the RN delegates appropriate tasks in the LPN’s scope of practice over the phone or, if another RN is not in the building, she will come into work if needed. It is said that we, ourselves, are our biggest critics. For me this is extremely true, so when it came to trying to determine my strengths, it took a while. Based on what others have told me, I’ve got an abundance of patience and I also have good communication skills. I’ve always had strong relationships with my residents and their family members. When trying to decide what my strengths were, I had to ask myself â€Å"Why do the y like me?†, â€Å"Why do they treat me as if I’m a part of their family?†â€Å"Why do they trust me?†. What came to mind was the way I talk to them. I speak to residents and families the way I would hope to be spoken to, if the roles were reversed. I believe that good communication skills, including the ability to listen, would be something positive I could bring to the role of the LPN. I hope to be an influence to other Nurses who come in with bad attitudes and forget that their patients are humans too. To remember that even though they may be a â€Å"frequent flyer†, they are still human, they still make mistakes, and more than likely are in desperate need of kind words. I hope to influence others when it comes to being open minded and influence them when they go to pass judgment. I hope to bring more compassion, optimism, acceptance and leadership to the LPN Role. My weaknesses are my confidence in my decisions and my abilities. I second guess myself a lot and I constantly double check myself. This could work both ways, good and bad. I look for reassurance from others to ensure that I am right and I know that I won’t always be in a position where I can be reassured. I want to gain the confidence without becoming â€Å"the know it all.†A good quality Nurse is one who’s always willing to learn. Another weakness I have is my inability to handle the emotions of the family members during the harder times. Times like these are very awkward for me and I would like to get stronger in my ability to be comforting and supportive. I usually try to avoid these situations as much as possible because the wall that holds my emotions in during these times, is very thin. I need to learn how to be emotionally professional while still remaining to be human. Resources NURSE–IN-CHARGE ASSIGNMENT TO LPN Position Statement for RN and LPN Practice. (1996, January 2). Retrieved November 23, 2014, from http://www.ncbon.com/myfiles/downloads/position-statements-decision-trees/nur se-in-charge.pdf LPN Scope of Practice Clarification. (2010, January 1). Retrieved November 23, 2014, from http://www.ncbon.com/myfiles/downloads/position-statements-decision- trees/lpn-position-statement.pdf Mission and Philosophy. (n.d.). Retrieved November 23, 2014, from http://nursing.unc.edu/about/philosophy-of-nursing-and-nursing-education/ Infusion Therapy/ Access Procedures. (1998, May 1). Retrieved November 23, 2014, from http://www.ncbon.com/myfiles/downloads/position-statements-decision-trees/infusion-therapy.pdf South Carolina Board of Nursing. (1989, November 1-Revised 2014, July 1). Retrieved November 23, 2014, from http://www.llr.state.sc.us/pol/nursing/index.asp?file=AdvisoryOp/advisoryop.htm
Pierre Bourdieu and Social Construction of Reality Essay
Introduction            Berger and Luckmann in their book, Social Construction of Reality did not only seriously dealt with several sociological themes, they also attempted to found a new idea of the ‘sociology of knowledge’. They provided an introduction to Schutz and social phenomenology and established a theoretical background for later works, especially in the fields of sociology of religion and industrialization. However, the most daring presentation of the authors in this book was the consolidation of the two major theoretical postures in the study of the man and his society: objectivism and subjectivism to arrive at a new sociology of knowledge.            The social construction of reality entails the first major effort at detailing the interrelation and dynamic relationship between man and his society, a field hitherto polarized by the antithetical stances of the objectivist and subjectivist schools of thought. While on the one hand, objectivism holds that individual’s perception of reality is defined by the forces of the society imposed upon the individual, notwithstanding his consciousness or will, in this respect, social facts are seen as things that determine the conduct and representations of individuals; in contrast, subjectivism, in line with Max Weber reasoning, holds that â€Å"the object of cognition is the subjective meaning complex of action†(quoted in Berger & Luckmann, 1966). Berger and Luckmann posited that both stances should not be seen as contradictory or mutually exclusive. They explain that both understandings come into play in the construction of social reality. Their position is aptly conveyed in the statement ‘Society is a human product. Society is an objective reality. Man is a social product.’            Although, Berger and Luckmann are renowned for their work in this field, Pierre Bourdieu can be regarded as the most prolific author on the subject of social reality. His work on the understanding of social reality is wide, diverse and at the same time convergent. The purpose of this paper is to examine Berger and Luckmann’s ‘social construction of reality’ from a Bourdieu perspective, to determine if Bourdieu strengthens and expands Berger and Luckmann’s theory of social reality or addresses the topic from a different theoretical position.            Berger and Luckmann on Social Construction of Reality            For Berger and Luckmann, albeit man and his society both take the position of product and producer interchangeably, the relationship between the two is not causal, mechanistic or unidirectional, it is, according to them, dialectic. Dialectic, in the sense that social reality is defined by the unending relationship between man and his society. In explanating this theory, the author took recourse to the conceptual arsenals of habitualisation, Externalisation, typification, Objectivation, institutionalisation, and legitimation. These concepts effectively describe how society, which was the product of man, became the producer of man. The basic understanding that runs through these concepts is that the society is the product or ongoing product of man, however, through internalisation of the norms of the produced society, as it is passed from one generation to the other, actions and perceptions of reality become limited and restrained by these societal norms, until they become established as facts that defines realities. The next question that will seek our attention is how does man produces the society and in turn, man becomes the product of the society.            From Berger and Luckmann viewpoint, habitualisation is the first step in the creation of the society. They assert that actions frequently repeated become cast into a pattern. That is, as individuals act, they organise perceptions and actions into a coherent pattern that can be reproduced with minimal efforts, thus such pattern of actions have been habitualised. Albeit, habitualised actions still retain their individual meanings and character, they are lost over time, as the meanings become embedded in the individual’s general stock of knowledge and thus taken for granted in present and future projects. The authors suggest that habitualisation holds positive advantages for an individual. For one, it frees the individual from the burden of choice, for while there might be a hundred ways of carrying out a project, habitualisation narrows these down to one and thus providing a background in which human activities may be carried out with minimal decision making. Furthermore, the meanings embedded meanings of habitualised activities makes it unnecessary for every situation to be defined individually, since complex and diverse situations can be subsumed under habitualised predefinitions, such that activities can be anticipated and alternatives assigned standard weights.            Habitualisation precedes and gives birth to institutionalisation. According to Berger and Luckmann, â€Å"Institutionalisation occurs whenever there is a reciprocal typification of habitualised actions by types of actors†, though what should be stressed is the â€Å"reciprocity of institutional typifications and the typicality of not only the actions but also the actors in institutions.†Furthering this argument, they suggest that typification of habitualised actions that build up institutions are always shared habitualisations that are available to the members of a particular social group, though not only individual actions, but also the actors are typified in such institutions.            However, institunalisation is effected through history. The authors contend that the reciprocal typification actions that constitute institutions are built up in the course of a shared history. They stress that â€Å"They cannot be created instantaneously. Institutions always have a history, of which they are the products. It is impossible to understand an institution adequately without an understanding of the historical process in which it was produced†(Berger and Luckmann, 1966 p.54). Moreover, it was emphasised that institutions generally manifest in collectivities with considerable number of people and by their very existence, control and define human conducts by setting up predefined patterns of conducts, which channels individual actions in a particular direction, as against the numerous directions that is possible theoretically. To adequately conceptualise how society is created through habitualisation and institunalisation and how these come to define human actions and perceptions, the authors created an imaginary situation of a society created by the interaction between two individuals A and B thus: â€Å"[If] A and B alone are responsible for having constructed this world. A and B remain capable of changing or abolishing it. What is more, since they themselves have shaped this world in the course of a shared biography which they can remember, the world thus shaped appears fully transparent to them. They understand the world that they themselves have made. All this changes in the process of transmission to the new generation. The objectivity of the institutional world â€Å"thickens†and â€Å"hardens,†not only for the children, but (by a mirror effect) for the parents as well. The â€Å"There we go again†now becomes â€Å"This is how these things are done.†A world so regarded attains a firmness in consciousness; it becomes real in an ever more massive way and it can no longer be changed so readily. For the children, especially in the early phase of their socialization into it, it becomes the world. For the parents, it loses its playful quality and becomes â€Å"serious.†For the children, the parentally transmitted world is not fully transparent. Since they had no part in shaping it, it confronts them as a given reality that, like nature, is opaque in places at least†(Berger and Luckmann, 1966 p.59)            In the example above, the child becomes incapable of distinguishing between the objectivity of the natural world and the objectivity of ‘social formations’. Using the language as an example, a thing is what it is called; the child is incapable of comprehension beyond this level. It is argued that it is only at this stage that we can now speak of a social world, in a complete sense. This is the period when individuals now come to see societal realities like the facts of the natural world, and it is in this manner that social formations transmitted from one generation to the other.            Pierre Bourdieu on Social Reality            Bourdieu, undeniably offered a more extensive treatise on social knowledge and social realities, however, the underlying ideology that unifies the work of Berger and Luckmann, and Bourdieu is that bought works seek to reconcile the differences and so doing merge the subjective and objective conceptions in sociology. Both works suggest that the differences and antimony between the â€Å"structuralist†view of the society that seeks out â€Å"invisible relational patterns operating†behind the control of individuals and the â€Å"constructivist†viewpoint â€Å"that probes the commonsense perceptions and actions of the individual†(Wacquant, 2006 p.6) are artificial and unnecessary, and thus sought to reconcile both approaches to studying the society.            In line with Berger and Luckmann contention, Bourdieu too believes that the society is the product of man’s habituated actions and that the externalisations of these habituations reinforce the objectivity of societal realities. However, Bourdieu deploys more extensive conceptual models to explain his contention, thus, he did not only strengthened Berger and Luckmann’s understandings of social knowledge, he further expands the reach of their theory. The conceptual arsenals deployed by Bourdieu in explaining social knowledge and social reality include the notions of habitus, capital, field, and doxa. These are intertwined and interrelated in a dynamic fashion, so that each fully explains social knowledge only in relation with the others. Thus a brief examination of these concepts is pertinent in highlighting Bourdieu stance on social knowledge.            Habitus, though considered an old philosophical notion originating in the thoughts of Aristotle, was retrieved, expanded and popularised by Bourdieu in the 1960s. The term is used to describe the externalisation of internality and the internalisation of externality i.e. it is a system of durable and transposable ‘dispositions’ through which an individual judges, perceives and acts in the social world (Wacquant, 2006, 2002). The author contends that These unconscious schemata are acquired through lasting exposure to particular social conditions and conditionings, via the internalization of external constraints and possibilities. This means that they are shared by people subjected to similar experiences even as each person has a unique individual variant of the common matrix (this is why individuals of like nationality, class, gender, etc., spontaneously feel â€Å"at home†with one another). It implies also that these systems of dispositions are malleable, since they inscribe into the body the evolving influence of the social milieu, but within the limits set by primary (or earlier) experiences, since it is habitus itself which at every moment filters such influence (Wacquant, 2006 p.7)            From the above, it is evident that while societal realities defines the actions and perceptions of individuals, this occurs within the cognitive realm of the individual, to some extent, as the habitus tend to act as a mediator between past experiences and present situations, a reason why Bourdieu refers to it as structured, by the patterned social forces that produced it in the first place, and structuring, since it defines and gives coherence to an individual’s activities across the different segments of living (Bourdieu, 1977). This fact was adequately illustrated in the study of the peasant and his body, a study Bourdieu carried out in his childhood village of Bà ©arn (Bourdieu, 2004).            Since this system of disposition acquired by individual over time and space influences perception, judgement and action, it also infers that the system of disposition acquired by an individual will depend on his position in the society. Bourdieu called this ‘capital’. He differentiated between economic capital subsuming material and financial assets; cultural capital comprising scarce symbolic goods, skills and titles; and social capital consisting of resources accrued by an individual by virtue of membership of a group. The fourth branch of capital not commonly mentioned is the symbolic capital, which is slightly different from the three mentioned above. Symbolic capital is taken to represent capital that is available to an individual on basis on honor, prestige and recognition. It is basically derived from culturally classificatory modes, a war hero, for instance, is highly regarded. However, while the other three species of capital mentioned earlier do have symbolic values, symbolic capital cannot be converted to other forms of capital. For Bourdieu, the position of any individual or institution and the disposition gathered is defined by the overall volume of capital and the composition of the capital possessed.            While habitus and capital determines individual’s social knowledge, Bourdieu extends this concept further with the notion of fields. This is based on the contention that the â€Å"various spheres of life, art, science, religion, the economy, the law, politics, etc., tend to form distinct microcosms endowed with their own rules, regularities, and forms of authority†(Wacquant, 2006 p.8) making up the various ‘fields’. Field is described as ‘a structured space of positions that imposes its specific determinations upon all those who enter it’. It infers, therefore, that a field structures action and perception within from without, just as habitus defines practice from within. The field channels and directs individual actions by providing an array of options and alternatives with the associated costs and benefits, but the individual still acts within the scope of his habitus. Thus, â€Å"It takes the meeting of disposition and position, the correspondence (or disjuncture) between mental structures and social structures, to generate practice†(Bourdieu, 1989, quoted in Wacquant, 2006 p.8).            It is thus clear that both Burger and Luckman, and Bourdieu adequately stressed the fact that social reality is neither the sole product of structural dictates of the society nor that of intentional pursuit of goals as canvassed in objectivism and subjectivism, but the product of the dialectical relationship of both. Again, although the work of Bourdieu extends this argument further, as can be seen in his work on class, tastes and classification (Bourdieu,1984), the whole argument still boils down to the fact that the interrelationship of structures and cognition influence man’s social knowledge, perception of objective reality and practice. Both arguments can be seen to reason along the same line, with that of Bourdieu strengthening and expanding the reach of that of Burger and Luckman.            This similarity between these two approaches to social knowledge is explicitly presented in habitualization of Burger and Luckman and habitus of Bourdieu. In the former, the authors contend that as humans act, their actions and perceptions are organized into coherent patterns. For Burger and Luckman, it is through this habitualization that individuals construct social meanings, over time. Similar meanings can be deduced from Bourdieu’s habitus, which also contend that by exposure to certain societal conditions and conditioning, individuals begin to create an internal inventory of meanings that later serve as the basis of practice. Such similarities can also be extended to include Bourdieu’s concept of ‘field’ which can be likened to ‘institutions’ conceived by Burger and Luckman. Both concepts could easily be converged to mean that, while human practice is influenced internally by organized patterns of actions or perceptions, this influence is moulded by the factors prevalent in the immediate society of the individual.            Unfortunately, similarities between both authors cannot be extended further. Burger and Luckman’s idea tend to infer that structures and actions influence action in sequence that is, individual actions are institunalized, producing the society, and henceforth, the societal structure totally influences practice. In contrast, Bourdieu deploys an arsenal of conceptual tools in explaining the relationship between structure and action. He uses capital to indicate how the social position of individual influences practice, he also extends the concept of habitus (action) and field (structure) further than the shallow meanings ascribed to these by Burger and Luckman. Unlike the later, Bourdieu could be said to effectively bridge the divide between subjectivism and objectivism, when he indicated that neither habitus nor field is capable of unilaterally determining social action, at any particular time. He argued that it takes the meeting of habitus and capital (social position), and the correspondence (or disjuncture) between mental structures and social structures to generate social action. What this means is that to explain any social event or pattern, one must inseparably dissect both the social constitution of the individual and the makeup of the particular social structure within which he operates as well as the particular conditions under which they come to encounter and impinge upon each other (Bourdieu 1989).            One can also find another evidence of Bourdieu going deeper and diverse than Burger and Luckman, in his ‘An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology’ (1992) where Bourdieu insisted that sociologist must at all times be present to the effects that their own internalized structures and meanings can have on their studies. He argued that this could distort or prejudice their objectivity (Bourdieu, 1992). Here again, it becomes apparent that Bourdieu delves deeper and provides a better understanding of social knowledge than did Burger and Luckman, although this does not take away from the fact that both authors seek to achieve the same thing: the bridging of the antimony between the subjective and objective views, with the primary differences lying in the depth and substance of each authors’ views. References Bourdieu, Pierre (2004). The Peasant and His Body. Ethnography, 5(4): 579–599. â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€. (1990). Language and Symbolic Power. Edited and with an introduction by John         Thompson. â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€. (1989). Social Space and Symbolic Power. Sociological Theory 7-1 (June): 18- 26 â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€. (1984). Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge,   MA: Harvard University Press. â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€. (1977). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University     Press. Bourdieu, Pierre and Loic Wacquant (1992). An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology.        Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Berger, L. Peter and Thomas Luckmann (1966) The Social Construction of Reality: A  Treatise its the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books,          pp. 51-55, 59-61. Wacquant, Loà ¯c (2006).Pierre Bourdieu. In Rob Stones (ed.). Key Contemporary           Thinkers. London and New York: Macmillan. â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€. (2002). The Sociological Life of Pierre Bourdieu. International Sociology, 17(4):         549–556.
Tuesday, July 30, 2019
Crown Cork & Seal in 1989
Strategic issues and options open to Avery In order to develop a future strategic decision plan we have assessed Crown’s business with a SWOT analysis, keeping in mind all issues Avery has to consider. That implies an evaluation of the different strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Crown Cork’s business.The analysis is as follows: †¢ Strengths: Crown’s return on equity and total return to shareholders was ranked much higher than its competitors’, creating high value to its customers; Crown has a tremendous skills in die forming and metal fabrication, and they can move to adapt to the customer’s needs faster than anyone else in the industry; Crown’s research teams also worked closely with customers on specific customer requests. Weaknesses: Growth slowing in metal containers; the possibility of diversifying beyond the manufacture of containers was not at hand, because while Crown’s competitors had aggressively expand ed in a variety of directions, Crown had been cautious. †¢ Opportunities: expand its product line beyond the manufacture of metal cans and closures, since industry observers forecast plastics as the growth segment for containers in the 90s; Avery also considered the growing opportunity in glass containers; the bidding for all or part of Continental Can would almost double its size and make them even more international. Threats: Avery knew that most mergers in this industry had not worked out well; the challenge of taking two companies that come from completely different cultures and bringing them together; Potential bidders for all, or part of Continental’s operations, included many of Crown’s U. S. rivals in addition to European competition; the continuing threat of in-house manufacture of metal cans. Regarding to the strategic options which are open to Avery, we have thought about three options as the most profitable and likely ones.The first one would be to exp and its product line beyond the manufacture of metal cans and closures, aiming its business to the plastic container segment which held much promise. The second option would be to merge with Continental Can. It would provide them such size in metal can industry that they would be the highest can metal manufacturing company in the globe. The last option would be to remain on the metal can industry without merging with Continental Can. This option would be the less profitable one, but on the other hand it would be the less risky one.They would be able to try to improve even more its manufacturing process and taking advantage of its competitors’ diversification. The growth in metal can segment is supposed to be stuck, but maybe they would rise its market share reaching higher revenues to Crown’s shareholders. Metal container industry After the John Connelly’s reorganization and strategic changes, Crown competes in the metal containers industry, more specifically in the beverage cans market and the aerosol market.To compete in this market, since the seventies, Crown has developed a conversion from steel to aluminum cans and manufacturing them with the two-pieces model. The metal container industry has changed considerably over the last years. Since 1981 to 1989 the market has grown from 88,810 to 120,795 million of cans. This means that this industry has experienced a grown of 36% over the past 8 years period, representing 61% of all packaged products in the United States in 1989.For a better understanding of the metal container industry, we are going to present the Porter's five forces analysis: – Threat of new competition. We considered this force low due to the industry’s high barriers to entry. Some of these barriers are: a) High initial capital investment: Each two- piece can line plus its peripheral equipment needed cost approximately $20-$25 million. b) Strong rivalry among competitors: five established and experienced fir ms dominated the industry with an aggregate 61% market share. ) Low operating margins due to aggressive discounts of competitors. Thread of substitute products: a) Plastics: plastic’s market share has grown from 9% in 1980 to 18% in 1989. Plastic’s light weight and convenient handling contributed to widespread consumer acceptance. b) Glass: In the beer category consumers had certain preference with glass bottle that would work to its advantage in the coming years. Bargaining power of buyers: There were large buyers such as Coca-Cola Company, Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc. , PepsiCo Inc. , and Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc.These buyers usually maintained relationships with more than one can supplier and they could punish poor service and uncompetitive prices by cuts in order sizes. In addition, many large brewers moved to hold can costs down by developing their own manufacturing capability. Bargaining power of suppliers: The country’s three largest aluminum suppliers were Alcoa, Alcan and Reynolds Metals. Aluminum prices increased by 15% while steel prices increased by 5% to 7%. – – – 1 – Intensity of competitive rivalry: In 1989, five firms dominated the metal can industry, with an aggregate 61% market share.American National Can held 25% market share, followed by Continental Can (18%), Reynolds Metals (7%), Crown Cork & Seal (7%), and Ball Corporation (4%). Pricing was very competitive among them. Most companies offered volume discounts to encourage large orders. John Connelly’s thrust to success Connelly’s arrival to the presidency of Crown brought about important changes in the way the company operated, the actions he took were actually beneficial for the company, taking it from bankruptcy to a situation of annual profits with annual revenues growth about 12%.To achieve the success, the company did not apply complex strategies, nor invested in neither revolutionary products nor innovative diversific ation; in his own words the plan was to apply â€Å"just common sense†. The company moved from a paternalistic leadership to a functional organization, Connelly also eliminated the divisional line and staff concept, he were able to reduce with this actions Crown’s payroll by 24% in less than two years. Another key to success was that they were focused on enhancing the existing product line.Connelly was not interested in researching new materials or packaging, because of that he closed the Central Research Facility, and worked closely with large breweries in the development of two-pieces cans. Even though it was not a company based on innovation, Crown worked closely with their customers to provide them technical assistance and to satisfy their requests. To successfully carry out its policy of controlling costs and improving quality, Crown also needed to focus its growth policies in developing countries, taking advantage of new business opportunities to expand its marke t share.Connelly emphasized national management wherever possible to develop the internationalization process. New challenges in the industry The most significant changes that are taking place in the industry are the more often using of plastic containers and glass bottles, and the diversification and subsequent consolidations due to low profit margins, excess capacity and rising material and labor costs within the metal can industry. Some competitors have invested in stuff such as insurance, energy exploration, glass containers or high-technology market.In our opinion, Bill Avery should respond with a thorough market analysis, assessing each of Crown’s options to keep its market share and then choosing the most profitable in terms of revenues and duration. Only once they have done this analysis, they are able to make the correct decision, which can be to remain in the metal can industry, the diversification to other segments of the market, or to merge with Continental Can. T hat implies the need to think deeply in each option before make the decision of either change Connelly strategy or remain in the same market segment with the same strategy. 2
Monday, July 29, 2019
Corporate reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Corporate reporting - Essay Example Accountants use corporate reports to check on the firm’s activities in line with the management’s transparency and accountability. On the other hand, other external users such as banks use corporate reports to establish the firm’s ability to repay loans. Corporate reports indicate the profitability of a firm on a periodic basis. Corporate reports are through three different sources such as the Securities and Exchange Commission, the respective company and other federal regulators (DiPiazzaJr and Eccles, 1997). Benefits of corporate reporting include provision of reliable information, flexibility and accountability. On the other hand, corporate reporting improves accuracy, diversity, corporate governance, ease of communication, transparency and attainment of company targets. Corporate reporting promotes flexibility through the directors’ ability to break down any key financial changes hence making it less complicated to achieve. The corporate report’s accuracy and validity are through an auditors’ letter. Since auditors also use corporate reporting, this improves transparency as well as attainment of a firm’s objectives. Diversity and ease of communication are through the use of IFRS and IABS requires a company to produce different types of reports including equity statement, cash flow and income statements respectively. Additionally, the ease of comparison and its usefulness to different users makes it an efficient tool for communicating Easy jet’s progr ess (Hooghiemstra, 2000). The primary disadvantages of corporate reporting include excessive information hence making it difficult to analyse the information since the information has not been two different users. On the other hand, there is over emphasis on the primary users (investors) instead of focusing on the real company events, as well as other users. In some instances, the information used may have been prepared using out-dated accounting methods hence useless for the business
Sunday, July 28, 2019
Finance Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2
Finance - Coursework Example When staffs are able to access the company financials, they feel the existence of trust and transparency in management. As a result, they become motivated in contributing to ways used to run the company such as decision making processes. The second benefit is the sense of community. Allowing access to financial information creates an open environment where employees feel honest and open with one another. This increases happiness and relationships enabling the staffs to connect on a professional and personal level (Case, 1996). The other benefit is development of unique ideas. Through sharing of operational and financial information with staff, the top officials may likely to find unique ideas from them. In addition, individuals may offer new insights on how to tackle a certain problem. Failing to disclose financial information to employees leads to them ‘operating in the dark’. Without employees accessing financial data, they tend to lack information on the critical facts of the company such as profits and losses. This implies that even when a company suffer loss, employees are not able to help; lack of financial information hinders good decisions (Case, 1996). In addition, if a company make some profits and employees are not informed about it, they tend to become reluctant in their daily work. This prevents the company from meeting its
Saturday, July 27, 2019
INNOVATIONS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
INNOVATIONS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY - Essay Example The GPS is a satellite navigational system that was invented and is being maintained by the United States military. Although it was originally designed for military operations purposes, its functions and benefits are now being hugely enjoyed by civilians across the world. Today, anyone can use the GPS as long as he or she has a GPS receiver. The navigational system that is stationed in space transmits signals and information to a GPS receiver on earth, thereby allowing anyone to know certain exact locations of anybody or anything at incredible speed. It is a breakthrough, indeed! To make it plain and simple the benefits of the GPS and how it has impact our world today, it will help to note that telecommunications companies use the GPS in transmitting signals for telecommunications purposes, especially communications using mobile or cellular phones. When you are driving your car and get lost in the middle of nowhere, a GPS tracking device could easily help you find the right the direc tion and even give you a graphic layout of your vicinity paths. Even before you start driving your car, most automobile companies have already added a GPS feature in their cars for security reasons.
Friday, July 26, 2019
Open Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Open - Term Paper Example Capital punishment has been abolished in many US states with others passing bills to abolish it in the near future. There was a lapse of four years in handing out capital punishment in the United States of America in 1972. The practice resumed in 1976 and is still being carried out. Considering both sides of the argument and weighing pros against cons, it is better to do away with capital punishment once and for all from the justice system of the United States of America. In our present legal system, there are chances of false falsely convicting individuals. The strongest argument against the death penalty puts forth the hypothesis of an individual being falsely convicted and sentenced to death. Research shows that this hypothesis has come to pass in several cases such as a case in Illinois in 1983 where two men were falsely accused of murder of a 10 year old. After having spent 10 years on the death row waiting for the date of execution, their innocence was proved by defense when DN A evidence cleared them of the charges (Donohue, and Shavell x). If the American legal system had not been slow, two innocent men would have lost their lives for a crime they did not commit at the same time allowing the real culprit to roam free. And if the discovery came after the sentence was carried out, how would the state go about posthumous redress? More than 130 similar cases have come to light in the past 37 years where 130 individuals were found innocent after having spent time on death row (DPIC FactSheet). Questions and incidents such as this one shake the resolve of those in favor because, once death penalty is carried out, the executed cannot be brought back to life. In case of time served, some sort of financial redress can be offered. Capital punishment provides room for abuse. Another argument that is loosely connected to the preceding one is the conviction of the mentally disabled. There are several mental conditions, psychological disorders amongst them, that make individuals who are suffering from them commit acts of violence. It can be argued that these people, whether because of depression, delusion or under the influence of medication that they take to treat these ailments, may commit murder. Though there is a consensus that such people should not be awarded capital punishment, however, as long as capital punishment remains a viable option, there is no way to ensure that such verdicts are not passed. For instance, in the State of Virginia a borderline mentally challenged woman, Teresa Lewis, was awarded the capital punishment (Szkotak). Lewis, despite being mentally retarded and despite not being the actual perpetrator was executed just because the option was available. If capital punishment is abolished, the option would not be present to be taken into consideration in the first place. Death by legal injection is seen by many as cruel and unusual punishment. The current method of execution, the lethal injection is a mixture of deadly sub stances with potassium chloride being the active ingredient. It is introduced intravenously into the human body. If not in the correct ratio or if not administered properly, the lethal injection can cause a slow and agonizing death. In most cases, potassium chloride merely causes paralysis and the poor individual is painfully aware of every sensation till his or her last breath. This may also happen varying on a person to person basis e.g. in
Imaginary dialogue between Parmenides and Heraclitus Essay
Imaginary dialogue between Parmenides and Heraclitus - Essay Example Ultimately, just as the river changes so do the properties of the universe. Parmenides: The water flows because of natural elements like the tilt of the Earth, not because the universe is fundamentally changing. The universe is the same now as it always has been and as how it always will be. Parmenides: I recognize that you make a strong argument Heraclitus. I agree with you that humans have no understanding of the future. However, this does not mean that anything different is occurring. Instead the fact that humans can remember the past but cannot recall the future is only an illusion. In actuality the future is the same as the past. Parmenides: Unfortunately Heraclitus your view of the universe and free will is mistaken. Since the universe is the same, all the elements in the universe are also the same. Since all the elements in the universe are the same, then cause and effect is the same and humans have no free
Thursday, July 25, 2019
Modern Business in Comparative Perspective (EXAM PREPARATION) Essay - 2
Modern Business in Comparative Perspective (EXAM PREPARATION) - Essay Example Chandler has helped expand the fields of strategic management in the field of economic development. His work emphasize on the need for organizational innovation, managerial expertise, and performance of the business. His theories are applied in the modern setting to help in economic advancement and help in improve sectors such as managerial uprising and organizational management structure. Chandler emphasized on modern industrial capitalism and was against the personal capitalism. Depending on a sequence of changes in internal and external environments, large companies are appreciating a new form of organizational structure. Post war or 1930s multidivisional organizational structure is different from this new method of organization as it is based on knowledge of expertise rather than economies of scale and scope. Managerial enterprise in large companies is industrial concerns whereby decisions of the company are based entirely on a hierarchy of managers for the best interest of the o rganization. National managerial enterprise patterns arose in the search for organizational capabilities and the need to gain benefits from diversification of companies. Comparing the UK to Germany and the US, UK trailed downward basically because of personal capitalism model. The public policy and the monetary policies of Britain were viewed as challenges to the uprising of the Britain economy. In Japan however, the enterprise system was due to delayed industrialization. Japan economies replaced personal capitalism with well-organized managerial structures that contributed greatly to the success of the economy. This kind of a system creates a competitive advantage both to the organization and between other nations once it has kicked off. Competitive advantage enables growth of the organization, and it’s hence a motivational tool as many large firms are responding to such competition by advancing their management structure. Due to this management
Wednesday, July 24, 2019
Technology and Decision Making Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Technology and Decision Making - Research Paper Example Most doctors prescribe some type of drug to patients after visits. In the past the doctor would write the prescription and make a note in the patient’s medical record. Nowadays doctors used a computerized system to keep track of the different prescriptions that are prepared for the patients. The use of technology has improved the quality of patient care without adding any additional costs to the service from the perspective of the patient. Technology has revolutionized the way doctors’ deal with patient treatment. In the past if the doctors had any doubts about the right treatment for the patient the doctors had to dig through the collection of books and literature to find solutions for the patient. Technology has made books virtually obsolete as doctors can use technological devices such as PDA or smartphones to gain access to databases of medical information. The internet is another valuable technological resource doctors can use to gain access to valuable information that can be used to improve patient care. The invoicing function of doctors’ offices has become automated as doctors are using technology to achieve electronic billing. One of the advantages of electronic billing is that minimizes the work associated with medical invoicing and in theory this method will enable doctors to receive payment faster from the insurance companies. Some of the medical fields that will benefit from technology in the coming years include antiviral drugs, biotechnology, digital diagnostic technology, molecular diagnosis, tissues and organ transplantation (Suad, et al., 2009). Technology has helped humanity in many ways including major advancements in the diagnostic and treatment of diseases. 2. During the past 20 years the medical field has seen a lot of advances in the care patients receive due to advancements in technology. Technology has positively influence the health care field. Technology is used through the entire supply chain in the healthcare f ield. Pharmaceutical companies take advantage of technology in their research and development process of creating new drugs. It is estimated that every new drug cost over $800 million to produce. Technology has improved patient care in a variety of ways. One of the aspects of technology that has changed the way medicine is performed is diagnostic medicine. Hospital and doctors are using machines such as X-rays machines to make more accurate diagnostic of a patient’s conditions. Technology has also improved the labs test doctors prescribe in order to determine the possible causes of a disease. Today due to advancements in technology laboratory test are faster, cheaper, and more reliable than ever before. Doctors that have advanced degrees such as surgeons benefit from technology since the tools they use are highly advanced. Take for example doctors dedicated to performing laser surgery on the eyes. These types of procedures when it came out 20 years ago cost nearly $50,000. To day due to advancements in technology a person can receive the same treatment for a few thousand dollars. The treatment of many diseases such as cancer has come a long way due to technology. Cancer patients today due to technological advances can receive chimotherary to alleviate the condition and extend the patient’s life. A lot of other health conditions are now treatable due to technologi
Tuesday, July 23, 2019
Managing the Curriculum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Managing the Curriculum - Essay Example to the identification, implementation and evaluation of policies that aim to support the various phases of learning, as these activities are also known as management of the curriculum. The review of the literature related to this subject has revealed an important fact: the state has the key role in defining the curriculum, both as a syllabus and as a learning process; still, the decisive role of principal/ head of educational institute in managing the curriculum cannot be doubted. In fact, the terms on which the management of curriculum is based are highly influenced by the decisions of principals and educators; the latter are those who apply the curriculum in practice and can, therefore, introduce important changes in each management on the basis that the key principles of education, such as equality and diversity are not violated, as analyzed below. A critical issue when managing Curriculum is the right of all children/ students to education no matter their physical or mental conditions. This right has been also described as the right to inclusion and refers to the need for securing the access to education for all children and students despite their potential disability (Wearmouth et al. 2013). Inclusion, as described above, is considered as a reflection of social justice, i.e. the need for the elimination of discrimination in all aspects of social life (Wearmouth et al. 2013). However, in order to be effectively promoted inclusion needs to be based on specific criteria. In other words, without a carefully planned strategy inclusion cannot be achieved at the level that delays would appear in regard to each of its processes (Sydney 2013). From a similar point of view it is noted that inclusion cannot be achieved only by applying a specific policy (Sydney 2013). Rather, it should be based on the understanding of all people in the educational site involved of the value and the necessity of inclusion; in other words, inclusion is
Monday, July 22, 2019
Excel Logistics Case Essay Example for Free
Excel Logistics Case Essay Purpose To introduce participants to the supply chain concept and to the effects decisions along the chain have on inventory levels and costs. Introduction In this game the retailer sells cases of beer to a consumer and orders cases of beer from the wholesaler; the wholesaler sells cases of beer to the retailer and orders cases of beer from the distributor; and the distributor sells cases of beer to the wholesaler and orders beer from the factory (brewery). The factory brews the beer. The beer supply chain is shown below: Players of the game each take on a different role in the supply chain. The roles are the Factory, Distributor, Wholesaler and Retailer. Each position is directly linked, and beer cannot skip the adjacent position. For example, the Wholesaler orders beer from the Distributor, and ships beer to the Retailer. An important consideration in making decisions is the delay in the movement of beer through the supply chain. It takes three periods to move an order of beer between each player in the supply chain. If during period 3 the Wholesaler decides to ship 10 cases of beer to the Retailer, the beer would take periods 4 and 5 to move to the Retailer and then would be available for sale by the Retailer at the beginning of period 6. Similarly, orders are not visible to the upstream player for one period. For example, if the Wholesaler places an order in period 3, the order is received by the Distributor at the beginning of period 4. For each period of play, every participant follows the same cycle: 1. The system is updated by your instructor where new orders and shipments are received, shipments enroute are advanced, and inventory levels and backorder positions are calculated (these tasks are done automatically by the server program. 2. The player updates the status screen and reviews current position. 3. A shipping decision is made according to new orders and backlog, subject to inventory availability, 4. An ordering decision is made for more beer. There are only two costs involved in this simplified version of a logistics supply chain: inventory holding cost ($1.00/case/period) and back order costs ($2.00/case/period). Each team has the goal of minimizing the sum of these costs by balancing the cost of having inventory (inventory holding cost) with the cost of being out of inventory when a customer orders beer (back order cost). The server program keeps track of the costs incurred by each team. At the end of the game, the total game cost for the distribution system is the sum of the four individual participants total costs (retailer cost + wholesaler cost + distributor cost + factory cost). The goal is to minimize team costs. Action The game begins with a fully-loaded pipeline of cases of beer: 16 cases of inventory in each positions current inventory, 4 cases in each of the production delay pipeline, 4 cases in each of the shipping delay pipeline, each position has an initial order for 4 cases of beer. Definitions The following terms are used in the status report: Current Demand This is the demand for the current period at this position. For the Retailer, this demand is determined by an external demand stream. For all other positions, this demand reflects an order placed by the downstream position in the supply chain during the previous period. Backorder This is the demand that has not been met to date at this position. When a position does not meet demand by shipping cases of beer, the backorder amount is increased. This amount does not include the demand during the current period. Current Shipment This is the amount that is being shipped to the downstream position during the current period. After the ordering and shipping decisions have been made, the status button can be used to update the status report. The status report will reflect the current order and shipment decisions. Remember that after the instructor has updated the system, the status button should be pressed again to receive a report that reflects the execution of the decisions for the previous period. On Hand This is the current amount in inventory at the position. This is the total amount that can be shipped this period from this position. Due Next Period This is the number of units that are scheduled to arrive at this position next period. Due In Two Periods This is the number of units that are scheduled to arrive in two periods. Current Order Release This is the number of units that are being ordered from the upstream position. The upstream position will not see this order until after the system has been updated to the next period. Inventory Cost This is the cumulative inventory cost for this position. This is calculated from the actual inventory balance at the end of each simulated period. During the update process, the system first ships material to the downstream position, updates the cumulative inventory and backorder costs based on the inventory and backorder levels, and then receives new material into the position. Backorder Cost This is the cumulative backorder cost for the position. Total Cost This is the total cumulative co st for the position.
Sunday, July 21, 2019
Determinants of Intra-industry Trade
Determinants of Intra-industry Trade Intra-industry trade has been growing rapidly in the past three decades. The main characteristic for intra-industry trade is countries import and export same kind of goods but different levels of quality. Likewise, in intra-industry trade, the goods exchanged are not perfect substitutes. Many studies suggest that more specialized trade structure and more developed countries lead to higher intra-industry trade. Menon (1996) found that in Malaysia and Singapore there was more than 60 percent of the growth in the intra-ASEAN trade in the period of 1986 and 1991 was because of the intra-industry trade growth. Based on the David Ricardo’s economic theories, different countries have their comparative advantage in different manufacture production. Of which, individual regions or countries will specialize in production and thereby export goods that can be produced with comparatively cheaper price than other countries. Increasing in returns and monopolistic competition bring additional possibilities for intra-industry trade among countries. Intra-industry trade usually will takes place in the countries that have similar social structure and economical. Meanwhile, the key factors that affecting intra-industry trade are product differentiation, human capital intensity and economies of scale (Hu Ma, 1999). In a related study, Krugman (1979) developed new theoretical framework which vary from the traditional Heckscher-Ohlin theorem, they introducing models of monopolistic competition that determine increasing returns to scale and the demand of consumers for the varieties of differentiated products as key drivers of intra-industry trade. Besides, Duc (1994) also determined that economic size and capital endowment are important determinants of Intra-industry trade. According to the Thorpe and Zhang (2005), the supply-induced effect on economies of scale ensures production in great volumes of differentiated products. It is because in order to meet consumer’s demand for more variety, the manufacturers can take advantage of economies of scale in production then specializes in production of a variety product. Furthermore, the manufacturers in larger economies will have larger domestic market and more resources. Thus, there is higher possibility for investors to enjoy the economies of scale in production and increase the production of differentiated products. Bernatonyte and Normantiene (2007) mention that intra-industry is important for the changes of economy of a country. Intra-industry trade exploits economies of scale and stimulates innovation. Besides, it changes the structure of goods and nature of international trade in the way of increasing specialization and the increases of the variety of goods throughout differentiated products. Consumers have more choices of goods and the countries can gain benefits from larger markets. Therefore, they concluded that intra-industry is more beneficial than inter-industry trade since intra-industry trade. However, besides of economies of scale and product differentiation, there is also a lot other determinants that can influence the intra-industry trade. Thorpe and Zhang (2005) and Hirschberg, Sheldon and Dayton (1994), identified that there is a positive relationship between economy size and the intra-industry trade. They concluded that economic size of a country can influence the volume of trade. Other than that, the difference in the economies size of trading partners outlines the ability of a country to produce differentiated products. With different sizes of economies, larger economy have the higher demand for differentiated products and they can take advantage of economies of scale to export large volumes of differentiated products and meanwhile, the smaller country are forced to import those differentiated products since they not able to benefit from economies of scale in their own production. Moreover, Khalifah (1996) states that there is a positive relationship between the economic openness and intra-industry trade. The ASEAN countries have different level of openness. She concluded that countries with lower openness, such as Myammar and Indonesia, are expected to have less participation in intra-industry trade in ASEAN. In contract, the higher openness of Malaysia and Singapore are expected to contribute more in intra-industry trade. During the period of 1986 to 1990, there was more than half of ASEAN’s manufacturing trade is carried out under intra-industry type. The openness to foreign investment in Malaysia in the late 1980s had led to a rapid increase in foreign capital, which main on the manufacturing sector and results the expansion of trade in differentiated products. Apart from that, Singapore is also a very open and competitive country. It has generally lowest tariff barriers among ASEAN countries, followed by Malaysia and other countries. Singapore generated a high level of intra-industry trade since 1970s and it was traded heavily with Malaysia since then. Nonetheless, it is found that low openness country, Indonesia had very low level of intra-industry trade during the 1970s but slowly increased in the 1980s. As mentioned by Khalifah (1996) the intra-industry trade between Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia are more in intermediate goods compared to consumer goods. Indonesia’s intra industry trade is mainly intermediate goods such as primary and processed fuels and lubricant whereas Singapore’s intra-industry trade consists mainly of electronic goods, refined petroleum products, copolymerization, polymerization and natural rubber latex, which in among the top 13 import-export products. This indicates that protectionist sentiment will be minimizes with AFTA since it is under the interest of producers and consumers to maintain free trade environment. In addition, geographical closeness will results the psychological and cultural similarities where increasing trade in differentiated products and having same consumption patterns. Thus, it is offsetting the effects of lower costs through economies of scale. Geographical distance is a natural international trade barrier. The transportation and information costs reduce the volume of intra-industry trade (Thorpe Zhang, 2005). Although, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore are located at different geography location and their residents have different preference demands. But because these three countries are just located nearby for each other in Asia, they have actually quite similar cultural and consumption pattern. Besides, the shorter distance and lower information costs allow them to trade to each other more easily. Therefore, there were already many years of bilateral trade history among these three countries. They import goods and services from countries that offer the lowest price, and export goods and services to countries that can receive highest price. This is good for both buyers and sellers in these three countries. The intra-industry trade is very important for all these three countries because the world having scarce resource, intra-industry trade can increase their residents’ standard of living. References Bernatonytel, D. Normantiene, A. (2007). Estimation of Importance of Intra-industry Trade. Engineering Economics, 3(53), 25-34. Duc, N.H. (1994). Intra-industry trade among Asia-Pacific economies: a case study in econometric analysis. Economics Division Working Papers, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra. Hirschberg, J.G., Sheldon, I.M., Dayton, J.R. (1994). An analysis of bilateral intra-industry trade in the food processing sector. Applied Economics, 26, 159-167. Hu, X., Ma, Y. (1999). International intra-industry trade of China. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 135, 82-101. Khalifah, N. A. (1996). AFTA and Intra-industry Trade. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 12 (3), 351-368. Menon, J. (1996). The dynamics of IIT in ASEAN. Asian Economic Journal, 10, 105–15. Thorpe, M. W. (1993). Intra-industry trade and ASEAN-The experience of Malaysia, The Philippines and Singapore, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Economics, Florida State University College of Social Sciences, Florida USA. Thorpe, M. Zhang, Z. (2005). Study of the Measurement and Determinants of Intra-industry Trade in East Asia. Asian Economic Journal, 19(2), 231-247.
Effect of Alcohol Dependency on Spouse
Effect of Alcohol Dependency on Spouse Psychiatric illnesses are increasingly known to be common in the recent decades and affects over 25% of people at some point in a adults at any point in time, and at least one affected individual living in one every four familiesâ€â€(1). Alcohol dependence syndrome is the maladaptive patters of alcohol intake with tolerance craving, loss of control, and withdrawal symptoms (3). Bipolar affective disorder is episodic in nature with manic or hypomanic or depressive or mixed symptoms occur. Patients exhibit fluctuating severity of any of these symptoms interspersed with a symptom free (euthymics 2) or subsyndromal periods. Cwvently the prevalence of bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) is around 0.4-0.5% with an 1 year prevalence of 0.5to 1.4% and a life-time prevalence of about 2.6 to 7.8% (4). The life-time prevalence of bipolar disorder is about 20.8 per 1000 population in India (6  ±); and that of alcohol use ranges from 1.15% to upto 50% in general (8, 9). Burden Definition (10) – Platt Stigmatization, chronic emotional and economic burden from caring are endured by the families of individuals with psychiatric illness. The illness impact on the primary caregiver’s leisure time activities work and social relationships. These deficits evoke different reactions infifferent or expressed emotional reaction towards the patients, and a sense of insufficiency and helplessness in themselves, all of which impact on the progression and prognosis of the patient’s illness (1). AIM To compare the family burden, the quality of life and psychiatric morbidity between female spouses of patients with alcohol dependence syndrome, patients with schizophrenia, and patients with bipolar affective disorder OBJECTIVES To find the family burden and quality of life in female spouses of patients with alcohol dependence, schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder To evaluate the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in female spouses of patients of these three groups To study the association between symptom severity in patients, perceived apathy, significant life events and family burden, and the quality of life and psychiatric morbidity in female spouses in these groups To compare psychiatric morbidity, family burden of care and quality of life in female spouses between all patient groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample is drawn from male patients with female spouses attending the outpatient Psychiatry department at this hospital. Design: Crosssectional, comparative study, including 64 patients with alcohol dependence, 64 patients with schizophrenia, and 64 patients with bipolar affective disorder, and their female spouses. With consecutive sampling from Outpatient department, a total of 192 patients with their spouses are taken up for the study. Duration and period of Study- 4 months Inclusion criteria: male patients with equal to or more than 10 year duration of alcohol dependence or schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder, satisfying the criteria for the corresponding DSM IV-TR diagnoses patients with onset of psychiatric symptoms/disorder after marriage female spouses who provide care for the patients participa nts should be not less than 60 years of age participants to be willing to provide informed consent for the interview and assessment patients willing to allow spouse to be assessed Exclusion criteria: those who did not give their consent refusal to allow spouse to be evaluated patients and/or their spouses with any chronic general medical illness spouses with a history of substance abuse, suicide or previous history of psychiatric symptoms and intervention spouses with a family history of psychiatric illness spouses related to the patients by consanguinity Instruments used A semistructured profoma to collect the sociodemographic details, family history details and a semistructured clinical profile International Classification of Diseases ICD-10 Shortform Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire SADDQ Clinical Global Impressions CGI-BP bipolar and CGI-SCH schizophrenia, severity scales Presumptive stressful life events scale PSLES Apathy inventory –caregiver version Burden Assessment Scale BAS; Caregiver Reaction Assessment -Selfesteem, High life-esteem -positive caregiving, Burnout -Negative Caregiving subscales –CRASH-BOUNCE score WHO Quality Of Life WHOQOL –BREF-1 General Health Questionnaire GHQ-12 MINI plus 5.0.0 v Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview –plus Beck Depression Inventory BDI; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale –anxiety HADS-A CGI-BP Bipolar disorder is a cyclic and polymorphic disease. Patients may show manic, hipomanic, depressive or mixed symptoms, and they may be in partial or complete remission. For this reason, the assessment of the course, severity and outcome of the disorder is very complex. Most of the available psychometric instruments have been designed for the assessment of acute episodes of specific polarity. The CGI-BP-M, a user-friendly scale for the assessment of manic, hypomanic, depressive or mixed symptoms, and long-term outcome of bipolar disorder, is a useful tool for the assessment of the efficacy of several treatments. CGI-S: Amongst the most widely used of extant brief assessment tools in psychiatry, the CGI is a 3-item observer-rated scale that measures illness severity (CGIS), global improvement or change (CGIC) and therapeutic response. The illness severity and improvement sections of the instrument are used more frequently than the therapeutic response section in both clinical and research settings. Amongst the most widely used of extant brief assessment tools in psychiatry, the CGI is a 3-item observer-rated scale that measures illness severity (CGIS), global improvement or change (CGIC) and therapeutic response. The illness severity and improvement sections of the instrument are used more frequently than the therapeutic response section in both clinical and research settings. Burden Assessment Schedule (BAS) (104): [ANNEXURE IV] It is an instrument to assess burden on caregivers of chronic mentally ill. It was developed to assess subjective burden in Indian population, as many of the burden assessment instruments developed in the west were not culturally suited to Indian population. This schedule has 40 items and 9 domains. The different domains are Spouse related, Physical and mental health, External support, Caregivers routine, Support of patient, Taking responsibility, Other relations, Patients, Patients behaviour and Caregivers strategy. Each of these 40 items was rated on a 3-point scale marked 1-3. The responses were not at all, to some extent and very much. Depending on the questions were framed, the responses and the score for each of those responses would vary. In this study the schedule was modified by arranging 40- items into the above 9 domains. Total score of each domain was calculated separately and at the end the total burden was calculated. This was done to get the domain score apart from the total score. In the spouse was replaced with either son, daughter, brother, sister, mother or father, depending of the patient to the caregiver. In the items 2 and 4, the word ‘sexual and marital’ was replaced by ‘family’ as and when needed. The minimum total score of burden in BAS is 40 and the maximum score in 120. In this the severity of burden was categorized into 4 groups, in the following way, 40-60 –Minimum burden 61-80 –Moderate burden 81-100 –Severe burden 101-120 –Very severs burden Method Consecutive patients attending the Psychiatry OPDs of hospitals attached to J.J.M. Medical College, diagnosed as BPAD and Alcohol dependence according to DSM IV criteria who met the inclusion criteria and did not get excluded were included in the study. Written informed consent was taken from the patients or from the caregivers depending on their ability to give consent, following an explanation about the nature and the purpose of the study in the language in which the patient could understand. Sociodemographic details were recorded on the self designed proforma. The primary family care-giver was one who met at least three of the following criteria (108). Is a spouse, parent or spouse equivalent. Has the most frequent contact with the patient. Helps to support the patients financially. Has most frequently been collateral in the patient’s treatment. Is contacted by treatment staff in case of emergency. Burden Assessment Scale (BAS) was administered to assess the burden on caregivers of BPAD group and ADS group. Severity of alcohol dependence was assessed using Short Alcohol Dependence Data (SADD) Questionnaire. GHQ Validity Discriminative validity There was a non-significant trend in GHQ Total scores and Depression subscales scores to be higher for carers using Admiral Nurse (AN) teams vs. carers who did not (Woods et al., 2003). On follow-up, a significant difference was found on the Anxiety and Insomnia subscale, where outcome was better for the AN group. Another study showed that carers of dementia patients showed higher levels of distress as measured by GHQ than carers for patients with depression (Rosenvinge et al., 1998). Furthermore, significant differences in GHQ scores have been found between carers of people with anorexia and psychosis (Treasure et al., 2001). GHQ scores have also been found to differ in carers of people with a head injury according to different time intervals post-injury. The GHQ scores were higher for carers of people with a recent head injury, which indicates greater burden in this group (Sander et al., 1997). Predictive validity Coping style has been found to contribute significantly to GHQ score variance, with emotion-focused coping being related to GHQ scores in a study by Sander et al., (1997). Furthermore, coping accounted for more of the GHQ variance than disability scores. Socio-demographic variables Gender has been found to have a significant effect on GHQ scores, but neither race nor relationship to the injured person had a significant effect (Sander et al., 1997). Dimension-specific variables Strong positive correlations were found between the GHQ and the Relatives Stress Scale (Draper et al., 1992). Responsiveness The GHQ-28 has been shown to be responsive to change in a study using cognitive behavioural therapy in carers of Parkinson’s disease patients. Both the Total score and the scores for 3 of the sub-scales decreased in response to the intervention (Secker and Brown 2005). Both conventional and AN services led to lower GHQ scores overall and 2 of the 4 subscales over an 8-month period (Woods et al., 2003).
Saturday, July 20, 2019
Kashmir Issue: Confrontations between India and Pakistani since Partiti
In the late 1940s, when the two competing nationalist for India and Pakistani failed to reach accommodation, Britain decided to partition its Indian empire (Wirsing 22). The role of dividing the empire was on the hands of a British representative (Viceroy Lord Mountbatten). He facilitated creation of a Muslim subcontinent, Pakistani. The state of Pakistani was formed with two flanks (eastern and western) separated by 1500 miles of the new states of India (Wirsing 22). The main aim was to establish a region to be occupied by Muslims in the British India. The origins of Indo-Pakistani conflict over the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir are complex, rooted in the process of British colonial withdrawal from the sub-continent (Wirsing 22). Kashmir posed a distinct problem (Wirsing 22), and from the time it was established there have been serial conflicts. Indo-Pakistan war of 1947; this war took place with a formal declaration neither made by Pakistani nor India. The Indian army and rebels, supported by elements of the Pakistani army, fought a series of pitched battles with each side incurring sufficient losses (Ganguly and Devin 163). Indian army succeeded in acquiring some parts of Kashmir during the first days of the war, but this was soon shut down by insufficient equipment supplies and of army training. As soon as the rebels identified Indian army's weakness, they took advantage of the situation. This forced the Indian army into a tactical retreat, but this did not last long before the Indians launched a counter-offensive (Ganguly and Devin 163). To react to this, Pakistan army became directly involved in the war. Kashmir situation was more complex because it had a Muslim majority (about 80 percent), a border w... ...pments in the Indian politics depict an intense hatred between the Muslims and Hindus. Policy makers in both countries need to come up with long-term solutions to prevent further losses of lives. Policies which bridge the gap between differences in political, social and religious beliefs need to be implemented. Works Cited Fernandes, Clinton. Hot Spot: Asia and Oceania. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2008. Print. Ganguly, Sumit, and Devin T. Hagerty. Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons. Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington Press, 2006. Print. Lyon, Peter. Conflict between India and Pakistan: an Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 2008. Print. Wirsing, Robert. India, Pakistan, and the Kashmir Dispute: on Regional Conflict and its Resolution. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994. Print.
Friday, July 19, 2019
Teaching Literature Essays -- Literature Education Educating Essays
Teaching Literature My own suspicion is that the universe is not only queerer than we suppose, but queerer than we *can* suppose. - J.B.S. Haldane, "On Being the Right Size" in the book _Possible Worlds_ (courtesy of The Quotations Page) The inclusion of gay and lesbian authors in high school and college curricula can only help to expose students to things which they will more than likely face in their adult lives. The traditional readings should be read in conjunction with gay and lesbian authors in many schools’ English curricula, simply because most modern students cannot relate to the speech or themes of the traditionally taught works by usually straight British and American writers or by authors who were gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender (GLBT), but their sexual orientation was never mentioned. These students come from varied backgrounds, and thusly should be exposed to works to which they can more appropriately relate. Exploration into the GLBT literature canon brings us to the argument that many GLBT theorists are bringing to that table: â€Å"Should writing be marketed as gay because the author is, or does it have to deal with gay-related themes?†as presented in the article â€Å"Of Genders and Genres.†by Avril McDonald. She poses a good question, one that many high school and college administrators should ask instead of simply ignoring the entire genre of literature. Some authors, such as Langston Hughes and Emily Dickinson, are usually taught without any mention of their sexual orientation, while others, such as Audre Lorde and Alice Walker, who were openly lesbian, have been wholly excluded from the high school curricula and are barely read in many college settings either. Before one can suggest an alternat... ...2004): 151-. Project Muse. Westfield State College, MA. 19 April 2005. Martinez-Aleman, Ana M. â€Å"Multiculturalism and the Mission of Liberal Education.†The Journal of General Education 50.2 (2001): 102-. Project Muse. Westfield State College, MA. 19 April 2005. McDonald, Avril. â€Å"Of Genders and Genres.†Publishers Weekly 241.26 (1994): 25-. Expanded Academic ASAP. Westfield State College, MA. 27 April 2005. Powell, Timothy B. â€Å"All Colors Flow into Rainbows and Nooses: The Struggle to Define Academic Multiculturalism.†Cultural Critique 55 (2003): 152-. Project Muse. Westfield State College, MA. 27 April 2005. Rankin, Susan R. â€Å"Differing Perceptions: How Students of Color and White Students Perceive Campus Climate for Underrepresented Groups.†Journal of College Student Development 46.1 (2005): 43-. Project Muse. Westfield State College, MA. 19 April 2005.
Job Analysis Essay -- essays research papers fc
What is job analysis and why is it done? Organizations are growing in size each and every day, which in turn creates a high demand for employees. This outcome, however, needs a systematic approach to determine the right employee for the right position. The process has become so large that organizations need specialized help from Human Resource Management (HRM) departments to ensure that the requirements of the position are met. Therefore, the HRM department provides the function of job analysis in order to select the right individual for the position. â€Å"Job analysis is a complex and vital part of every HRM program, as well as an important systematic process used within an organization to determine future members of the workforce.†Job analysis contributes to many important Human Resource Management functions as it identifies and analyzes the relation between the job and what is required. According to the â€Å"Job Analysis: Overview,†Job analysis is a process used to identify and determine in detail the particular job duties, requirements, and the relative importance of these duties for a given position or a particular job. A job analysis defines the work, activities, tasks, objectives, products, services, or processes required to perform a particular job. It collects details about work activities, human behaviors, machine, tools, equipment and work aids, performance standards, job context, and human requirements. These in turn help to identify the knowledges, skills and abili...
Thursday, July 18, 2019
Deborah Ellis Essay
Deborah Ellis started writing at age 11-12 inspired at a young age she grasped her talent. As a kid she was constantly moving from place to place due to her father’s work, and used writing as a coping method. When she grew up, her work and writing was mainly done by traveling and talking to others that have problems and taking note of everything. She started to write the book I am currently the Breadwinner her first book. The Breadwinner takes place in Afghanistan and the main character at only 12 years old is faced with the discrimination against women when her father is arrested by the Taliban and with no other way of providing for her family she dresses up as a boy and tries to find work. Coincidentally Ellis traveled to Afghanistan in 1997 to interview women located in refugee camps. These interviews helped her write her four part series of The Breadwinner. Her writing of this book was inspired by an interview with a mother living in one of the refugee camps. Ellis has become considered of the most beloved young adult writers today as well as being a philanthropist who donates almost all of her profit’s from her books to organizations like â€Å"UNICEF†and â€Å"Women for Women in Afghanistan†. Deborah Ellis is a very motivated person who feels strongly for the rights of women and takes that inspiration and uses it to write compelling stories. Of all the books she has wrote which has come to 18 in total, all of them have been moving stories of injustices. Deborah Ellis has achieved international recognition with her incredibly dramatic books that give readers a glimpse into the life of children in far out developing countries. Ellis has won the Governor General’s Award, Sweden’s Peter Pan Prize, the Ruth Schwartz Award, the University of California’s Middle East Book Award, the Jane Addams Children’s Book Award and the Vicky Metcalf Award. Deborah Ellis constantly finds new ways to express her feelings about the wrongs in the world and inspires us all when she writes about it.
Wednesday, July 17, 2019
Red bull Essay
inflamed diddly-shit is a running(a)(a) boozing founded by Austrian entrepreneur, Dietrich Mateschitz, in 1984. Containing component parts such(prenominal)(prenominal) as taurine and caffeine, deprivation home run deglutitions ar specially developed for those who wish swell to be physically and mentally active. The diverse result variants under blushing(a) squat aim to enhance per wreakance, closeness and ingest metabolism which advances the overall well-being of consumers. vehement diddly-shit is currently present in over 162 countries, and holds 65% of the ecumenical naught fuddle commercialise place.With a witty shibboleth scarlet bull conduces you wings, the harvesting is food groceryed through ad, complete sports tournament sponsorships, sports aggroup ownerships, athlete endorsements, online games and a record label, cherry-red fuzz Records. However, in the fast progressing crapulence industry cluttered with many a(prenominal) substitu tes and out(p)standing competitors, scarlet shit magnate pillowcase issues stiring its lack of crop variability as well as arising health concerns with regards to its amplyschool caffeine content.In order to admit these issues, we entrust first conduct a nerd synopsis to date the national and external environment which bolshy dickhead is operating in. Secondly, we will conduct an in-depth analysis on carmine slobs grocery structure and controlsystems to adjudicate if these systems atomic number 18 effective complementing schema implementation. Lastly, we will provide relevant recommendations to minimal brain damageress the issues and problems expect up by blushful hog in its strive expand and grow globally. 2.0 SWOT Analysis of scarlet diddlysquatStrengths commercialiseplace get by leadership with approximately 65% grocery per centum in the zilch drinks foodstuff. lovesome reputation especially endorse up by backbreaking client loyalty from G eneration Y Strong mark off identity since its incorporation in 1987 with steady growth into a commercialise giant and is now synonymous with soil and flow excellence. Weakness Small proceeds base as passing cocksucker marts only 4 ticked point of intersections (red cocksucker Energy fuddle, fierce hoot sugarfree, release strapper brawniness shot and reddened dump Cola), hence vulner commensurate to market fluctuations Lack of product innovation hence being left behind when a number of refreshful energy drinks rescue been launched in 2004.Opportunities Could diversify retail outlets and scattering network by means of jacketizing on vending machines as a virgin route to increase gross sales as well as keep up with industry trends. Potential to extend product lines by adding invigorated products, such as in the bufffangled flavours, forms, colours, added ingredients and packages sizes. merchandising their products as functional drinks so as to capita lize on strong consumer cognizance of its brand. Geographical elaborateness in the Asia Pacific regions by systema skeletaleing upon developing markets such as India. Threats close at hand(predicate) threat of new entrants as the energy drink industry has al shipway been considerably fetching due to its high net in practise margin Near zero replacement cost for consumers makes it even easier and more(prenominal) rendive for new entrants to capture market share Real threat of substitute products which function the aforesaid(prenominal) functional purpose of florid Bull but main ingredient of caffeine replaced by electrolytes, which is a fitter choice. Government regulations could pose as a threat to the expansion and penetration plans of inflamed Bull as their products is non that an other(prenominal) flavoured beverage in the market the high caffeine content in the drink has always been a concern to certain interest groups. Recent popularity with thoroughgoing food and drinks products could eat into rosy-cheeked Bulls market share, especially when rubor Bulls market is seen to be in the maturing stage. 3.0 Analysis of red ink Bulls Market Structure and controller brasss3.1 Market Structure3.1.1 The number of players in the Energy Drink Market cerise Bull belongs to an oligopoly market structure where the market is dominated by a fewer humongous players. The degree of market concentration is relatively high with a thumping % of it scratchn up by redness Bull.There are currently more than 30 types of energy-drink products in the market, with sanguine Bull occupying the largest market share of approximately 65%. With the number of players in the market, there is therefore certain degree of interdependence surrounded by firms and it is necessary for bolshy Bull to take into account the likely reactions of other firms during dodging planning. 3.1.2 The Degree of Product Differentiation in the MarketBeing in an oligopoly market st ructure, carmine Bull produces branded products where advertising and merchandise is an important feature of competition. The diametric types of energy drinks in the market perform as close substitutes to ruby Bull. Hence, trigger-happy Bull presents itself as a insurance indemnity product, having a unique combination of high quality ingredients ( departure Bull, n.d.) which vitalizes body and learning ability ( flushed Bull, n.d.). It segments its market differently from its competitors, focusing on performance-oriented individuals who ask to hand over a clear, focused mind and a fun and active lifestyle. This has resulted in rubicund Bull set its product higher than its competitors.For instance, an 8.4 fl oz. fecal matter of red ink Bull retail for $2.59 whereas a 16 fl oz. stand of Rockstar retails for $1.50, which constitute to about half the hurt per fl oz. as compared to Red Bull. 3.1.3 The Ease of instauration and Exit Into And Out Of the Energy Drink Market There are huge, though not insurmount satisfactory, barricades to go in the energy drink market.One prevalent barrier is brand loyalty which Red Bull has built up over the years. This strong brand loyalty has the effect of reducing consumer rumination of alternatives in the marketplace. Also, the high initial capital cost associated with research and development earlier to formulating energy drinks could deter strength competitors from entering the market. In addition, government policies pertaining to licensing and patents create the biggest barrier to entry, which aids in the dominance Red Bull enjoys today.3.2 trade Control SystemIn order to ensure that the fellowships objectives are achieved, Red Bull markets its energy drink in trine ways, namely the media advertising, sports and event sponsoring as well as sampling. The three market techniques not only increase the brand awareness of Red Bull, but assist the anxiety in scathe of market control. Additionally, Red Bul l besides performs control techniques in the following ways. 3.2.1 Intensive Research make forFirstly, Red Bull conducts on-going research to determine if consumers are satisfied with its product. This includes sampling to its basal mastermind market tired quite a little who need energy. Through sampling, consumers are able to provide feedback on the product, essentially its taste, box and effects. If there is negative feedback received, Red Bull will then look for ways to improve so as to replete consumer needs. 3.2.2 Internal StatisticsSecondly, Red Bull uses statistics such as sales, revenue and market share to assess if its market strategies are successful. found on analysis, a total of 4,204 jillion rout outs of Red Bull were sold domain massive in 2010, which signifies an increase of 7.6% against 2009 (Red Bull, n.d.). This butt joint be one of the factors indicating that Red Bull is art gallery in the right bringion in marketing its product. 3.2.3 Marketing an d Pricing StrategiesThirdly, Red Bull employs advertising strategies that are suited to its primary target market. Hence, at this moment, Red Bull does not need to mark its strategies to change consumer perception. Nonetheless, if Red Bull has immovable to introduce new uses for its product, changes have to be made to the advertising strategies to market the new uses.However, unlike most companies which adopt pricing strategies that involve adjusting theproduct scathes to meet market changes so as to remain competitive, Red Bull does otherwise. Consumer reviews state that Red Bull is being priced steeper as compared to other energy drinks in the market. Despite that, Red Bull continues to maintain its premium price as it has positioned itself as a premium product. 4.0 Solutions and RecommendationsQ1. Red Bull should construct a market-oriented representation parameter, focusing on node needs rather than products. A product-centered accusation statement is too myopic and does not reflect the long-lasting basic market need. Red Bulls mission statement has to reflect the companys center product, position in the market, typical competencies, and lastly, it has to be motivating. Our group proposal of Red Bulls mission statementAs a market leader, Red Bull promotes an active lifestyle by providing high-quality energy drinks to the global market, empowering our clients to live to their fullest potential and have the courage to achieve their dreams.Q2. Red Bull has managed to identify the best target market. Red Bull has segmented the market as follows Demographic segmentationRed Bull is targeting young teenagers to busy working adults. It targets students who often suffer from exhaustion, blue collared workers who pick up strength for their manual jobs, and office professionals, who take in concentration to focus in meetings and their various(prenominal) work.Psychographic segmentationRed Bull targets markets base on the consumers lifestyles. These cons umers include party-goers, sportsmen and gamers. In terms of the personalities of the customers, Red Bull targets those who are able to connect with the brand image of Red Bull, which is to live with zest and lead a fun, happening and risk-taking lifestyle.Product Red Bull does not have a wide variety of flavours only original, sugar free, skunk and Red Bull shot. The rationale for this is generally to establish a clear core product. Furthermore, Red Bull is recognized as an energy drink that gives a strong and immediate energy boost to improve performance. In terms of design and packaging, a Red Bull can is teensy and easy to carry which is chromed, making it pondering and hence, it can catch a customers eye advantageously.As for recommendations, Red Bull could produce an downpour beverage of its own, which can be sold over-the-shelf in stores. This would be able to create new product that immixes Red Bull and alcohol. Thus, the non-party-goers can have a taste of an alcoh olic Red Bull as well. advance One of the most well-known activities that Red Bull has been involved in for many years is Formula 1. This is a form of above-the-line advertising done by Red Bull to increase consumer awareness of Red Bull.Other than that, Red Bull also engages in Opinion Leader Marketing by having more than 250 agreements with top athletes. This is to attract people who follow and look up to these athletes. Red Bulls strategy of attracting celebrities to endorse their products is very unique because they do not pay the celebrities a wholeness cent. Instead, they approach athletes who support Red Bull wholeheartedly.Q5. Red bulls competitors come in two forms direct and indirect. This is deliberate by how close these competing products are in relation to Red Bulls. The direct competitors would be those who produce comparable benefit/functional products, such as Monster, Rockstar and downcast G. Indirect competitors would be other drinks that are somewhat simila r but do not give the same benefits as Red Bull. Examples would be Pepsi and Coke (caffeinated and modest drinks, but not energy drinks) and light speed Plus and H20(sports and soft drinks, but not caffeinated). Clearly indirect competitors are furthest away in terms of substitutability. Examples are Nescafe (caffeine only), Sprite (soft drink only) and Gatorade (sports drink only).Q6. Currently, we conceive Red Bulls marketing strategy is already very successful. In relation to how Red Bull reaches out to tired and exhausted people by giving them free samples, we feel there might not be such a strong need to rise up more awareness about the product as it has already established itself adequately. Instead, Red Bull can invest in product Research and Development, which might change Red Bull to introduce more flavours and variety to its current line of products. Red Bull can introduce express mail edition flavours, where they can bring in new flavours for a limited menses of t ime, and then see how well the sales of the new flavours turn out to be before deciding to permanently add them to their product line. For example, Red Bull can come out with a product comprising of natural ingredients, such as Siberian/American Ginseng(natural alternatives to caffeine), or add in some vitamins like vitamin C to its brisk products, which might capture more of the health-conscious consumers. Furthermore, this might attract Asian consumers who prefer conventional/herbal ingredients.Control measures Analysis of how the market share amongst Asian consumers is affected(look at sales, growth, etc.). Red Bull can also give free samples to consumers, just like how it does for its vivacious products through its Red Bull vehicles. on with their free samples, they can conduct surveys on the consumers and ask for their feedback. Also, they can conduct online surveys, as the use of online social media is largely permeating today.Red Bull can build a foundation park compris ing of extreme rides. It can aim to break the world records for the highest roller coaster drop or have the fastest ride. In this ancestor park, it can also provide complementary Red Bull drinks to its go throughors. This will also be a great avenue for new flavours to be sampled. Such an extreme theme park would create much bombilation all around the world, and people who visit the theme park will decidedly share their extreme experiences with their friends. Thus, Red Bull would have come out with another form of its already famous bombilation marketing.Control measures By calculating the theme parks return on marketing investment. Building such a theme park has a slew of fixed costs, like the costs of arrive and constructions. Hence, it is easy to take total cost. Furthermore, sales can also be easily calculated by simply spirit the number of tickets sold. Therefore, it would be easy to calculate the theme parks return on marketing investment. Q7. Small Asian Businesses h ave relatively lower monetary power as compared to big companies. They face difficulty competing with the big companies given similar products. To simply put it, they are the shrimpy fishes regardless of the size of the market.Firstly, like Red bull, they can focus on a depleted product base and label their products from the competitors. They can identify the right market segments and target markets which have been relatively unswayed and fit their products to be the most personable for the consumers in their targeted markets. Like Red Bull, scurvy Asian businesses should create an efficient Marketing Informatics Systems (MIS) and have anappropriate mix of marketing research and intelligence, so that they are constantly able to discover new opportunities and cater to the needs of consumers, and at the same time be aware of their competitors strategies.Also, footling Asian businesses can adopt Red Bulls stealth marketing approach. This eliminates costs such as large scale adv ertising costs approaching from big billboards or banners for example. Red Bull has also shown through stealth marketing that doing something unorthodox and not merely following what everyone else does can also lead to success. Therefore, small Asian businesses can draw fervency from this and be creative and brave in their marketing strategies. Referenceshttp//www.redbull.com/cs/Satellite/en_INT/Red-Bull-Energy-Drink/001242937921959 Drawert. http//www.drawert.com/red_bull_1.php
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