Substance Abuse of Pyrethroid

Substance Abuse of PyrethroidCase ReportKimmyben Patel , Ankitkumar B. Patel, Pokhraj P. Suthar, Kewal Arunkumar Mistry S.B.K.S. Medical Institute and Research Centre, Waghodiya,Vadodara. S.S.G. Hospital , Medical College , Vadodara leash Year Resident Doctor,Department of Radiology , S.S.G. Hospital , Medical College , Vadodara . Department of Radiology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Government medical College, Kangra at Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, India An Uncommon Substance of Abuse PyrethroidAbstractPyrethroid, an insecticide is an bizarre sum of money of abuse in Asian countries. Cholinergic and symphathetic symptoms along with psychiatric symptoms in such rare significance of abuse have not insofar been described. A 39-year-old Asian male with departed psychiatric history of methamphetamine dependence and bipolar discommode type 1, came to the requisite department because of suicidal ideation with a plan to slash his throat. The enduring was very agitated during initial assessm ent. In the emergency room (ER), the patient report that he had been using methamphetamine for the close four years. His last use was six hours before coming to the ER and that was his only use during the past six to eight weeks. His affect was flat and irritable. His urinary drug screen was supportive for amphetamines, methamphetamines, and cannabinoids. The patient reported that it would give him the same high as methamphetamine and he would occasionally have feelings of dj vu. The patient withal reported having olfactory hallucinations while using it. The patient had been using the insecticide for six to eight weeks and only utilise methamphetamine cardinal (1) day before coming to the ER. The patient had suicidal ideations apparently precipitated by his use of pyrethroid. His statements about friends using it intravenously highlight the phenomenon of an under reported substance being ab apply with little or no telltale signs by people with high risk for self-harm.Key Words Psychiatrics, Substance of abuse, PyrethroidIntroductionPyrethroid, an insecticide is an uncommon substance of abuse in Asian countries. Cholinergic and symphathetic symptoms along with psychiatric symptoms in such rare substance of abuse have not yet been described.Case HistoryA 39-year-old Asian male with past psychiatric history of methamphetamine dependence and bipolar disorder type 1, came to the emergency department because of suicidal ideation with a plan to slash his throat. The patient was very agitated during initial assessment. In the emergency room (ER), the patient reported that he had been using methamphetamine for the last four years. His last use was six hours before coming to the ER and that was his only use during the past six to eight weeks.On physical examination, temperature was found to be 98 degree Fahrenheit, pulse 116/minute, blood pressure128/78mmHg, weight 68.0 kg, and height 177 cm. His pupils were 5mm in diameter and reactive. In the review of systems, the patient denied any pulmonary, cardiac, renal, and abdominal complaints. There was no complaining of increased tearing from eyes. Lungs were clear and the heart rate was regular without murmurs. Bowel sounds were normative. The patient was not lie to time. His affect was flat and irritable. He was evasive and tangential while answering questions. A chest radiograph and electrocardiogram was normal. His urinary drug screen was positive for amphetamines, methamphetamines, and cannabinoids. Blood chemistry concentrations/counts/percent of the following analysis were mainly within reference limits alcohol The patient was transferred to the inpatient psychiatry unit. The next day, the patient was disoriented, refused to piffle to the treatment team, and slept most of the day. On his fourth hospital day, the patient was much more oriented and reported that he was unable to arrive methamphetamine for the past six to eight weeks because he could not afford it. The patient would use th e crystals formed from one bottle for four to seven days. He claimed that his friends used those crystals intravenously after diluting them. The patient reported that it would give him the same high as methamphetamine and he would occasionally have feelings of dj vu. The patient also reported having olfactory hallucinations while using it. He said that he liked the increase in heart rate and the heyday he used to get after every use. The patient reported that he would sleep most of the day when he was using it. He denied unwanted adverse effect during his use except for frequent headaches upon waking up which were relieved by over-the counter analgesics. The patient had been using the insecticide for six to eight weeks and only used methamphetamine one (1) day before coming to the ER. The patient claimed that he had been compliant with his medications for bipolar disorder until he started using it. The patient was taking divalproex atomic number 11 400mg twice daily and quetiapin e extended-release 300 mg at bedtime. He voiced that he, since a few weeks before coming to the ER, got scared that he might get cancer because of the frequent use of the insecticide which led him to have suicidal ideation. Despite the reported use for six to eight weeks, the patient had no real physical findings associated with pyrethroid abuse when he presented to the ER. The patient had suicidal ideations apparently precipitated by his use of pyrethroid. His statements about friends using it intravenously highlight the phenomenon of an under reported substance being abused with little or no telltale signs by people with high risk for self-harm.DISCUSSIONPyrethroid cause hyper-excitation by affecting sodium channels which are kept open for unusually long periods of time.1 Animal studies of pyrethroid toxicity have shown hyperglycaemia and elevated plasma levels of noradrenalin and adrenaline.2 These may account for the rush the patient experienced with use of it. Ingestion and pa renteral injection of pyrethroid in suicide attempts, occupational exposure, and accidents are well documented and have resulted in inebriation syndromes with characteristic sympathetic activation, lacrimation, hyperexcitability, choreoathetosis, and status epileptics.3. 4, 5 Reports of association of pyrethroid with parenteral drug abuse are fairly sparse. These have shown adverse effects like local erythematic, cellulites, and vasculitis.6, 7 These reported possibilitys had the pyrethroid injected either subcutaneously(popping) or intravenously usually resulting in local effects that could be noted immediately on examination. There was also association with suicidal history or ideation. Communication via phone with the National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC) was made. NPIC stated that they had no official documented cases processing pyrethroid to produce effects corresponding to methamphetamine or case reports of the use of pyrethroid as a recreational substance.There are certain limitations to this report. The anamnesis was taken from a person vile from substance abuse and bipolar disorder, the latter being untreated for the last six to eight weeks, making his credibility questionable. However, our longstanding knowledge of patients with this kind of problems in this area suggests that this patients report should not be dismissed without careful consideration. However, our longstanding knowledge of patients with this kind of problems in this area suggests that the suicidal thoughts emerge in the patient may also not be a result of the use of pyrethroid only, as the patients untreated bipolar disorder may have made him more prone to such ideation. This case report is interesting in the fact that the pyrethroid was processed so that it could be smoke-cured or inhaled to get a feeling of rush.ConclusionPyrethroid, an uncommon substance of abuse should be suspected in agricultural and developing countries in case of poisoning cases. Patient with mixe d sympathetic and cholinergic symptoms with psychiatric symptoms should be suspected for multi substance abuse. It is important for physicians to maintain a high level of distrust for alternate and uncommon substances of abuse and suicidal ideation among people who abuse these substances.FootnotesSource of support NilConflict Of Interest None declared.REFERENCES1 T.Narahashi, J.M. Frey, K. S. Ginsburg, and M. L. Roy, Sodium and GABA-activated channels as the targets of pyrethroids and cyclodienes, Toxicology Letters, vol. 64-65, pp. 429436, 1992.2 J. E. Cremer and M. P. Seville, Comparative effects of two pyrethroids, deltamethrin and cismethrin, on plasma catecholamines and on blood glucose and lactate, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 124133, 1982.3 F. He, S. Wang, L. Liu, S. Chen, Z. Zhang, and J. Sun, Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of acute pyrethroid poisoning,Archives of Toxicology, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 5458, 1989.4 J. M. Larsen, A. Bindiger, R . Sherman, and S. H. Kuschner,Insecticide injection injuries to both hands a case report, TheJournal of Hand Surgery, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 10731075, 1992.5 S. Ghosh, A. Ahlawat, K. Rai, and A. Arora, An unusual cause of status epilepticus, Indian Journal of Critical tuition Medicine,vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 106107, 2009.6 M. A. Miller and M. Menowsky, Human intravenous injectionof -cyfluthrin with minimal toxic effects, The American Journal of parking brake Medicine, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 113.e1113.e2, 2014.7 F. LoVecchio and J. Knight, Injection of pyrethroids without significant sequelae, The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 23, no. 3, p. 406, 2005.