Technological Aspects to Support Ebusiness Essay Example for Free

Technological Aspects to Support Ebusiness EssayIntroductionFor this assignment I am going to comp ar, contrast and look at the history of two internet giants Ebay and virago. They are two sites that I regularly use, superstar much so than the other and find both as user friendly as I do interesting. I will look in detail at the history of the two and also the internet as a worldwide network. Fin all in ally I will let a brief conclusion and some(prenominal) recommendations.The evolution of e-businessThe term e-business or electronic business was first coined by Microsofts marketing and internet team in 1996 only when businesses started using weathervanesites to marketing their products in the early 1990s shortly after graphic based sack up-design became available. They quickly shifted from simply using the web for providing customers with information about their products to selling them when the software product to encrypt assent wittiness data became widely availab le in 1994. Netscape developed Secured Socket Layer (SSL) and websites developed the ability to encrypt sessions, making credit bill sticker transactions over the Internet safer for all concerned. With an encrypted connection between a companys server and a client computer, credit numbers could be hidden so they could not be intercepted by a third party, which made the theft of card information more difficult. This security led to the birth of e-business and changed the way we crop for ever.After this period the floodgates opened for opportunities in business to trade online but many a(prenominal) tidy sum still didnt trust giving out their credit details over the internet and it proved too expensive to trade on line with transactions of under a dollar or its equivalent. These compensations were called small defrayments and many companies came and went trying to facilitate these transactions. Paypal has been the closely victorful business to date that operates in this area and made it fast, cheap and most importantly secure for people to pay for goods online. Even with the emergence of these secure payment businesses, popularity with on line sales was still was not hitting the heights as expected and the .com ripple burst in the early 2000s. The collapse of the burble took place during 2000-2001. Many companies failed completely. Others lost a large portion of their market capitalization but remained permanent and profitable, e.g., Cisco, whose stock declined by 86%.Some later recovered and surpassed their dot-com-bubble peaks, e.g virago.com whose stock went from 107 to 7 dollars per touch, but a decade later exceeded 200. After the bubble burst, many dot-coms liquidated or were acquired by other companies the domain names were snapped up by domain investors or businesses with more traditional business models who had survived the crash. A few of the big dot-com companies did survive, however Amazon and Ebay are good examples. According to some sources, about 50% of dot-coms survived. Unfortunately, there were still thousands of technical experts such as programmers and web designers who were laid off and found themselves in a highly competitive job market. The acquisition of YouTube by Google, Skype by Ebay, and others, has led to speculation that there may be a second, homogeneous bubble on the horizon. Consolidation of websites where top ten sites buy up competition or others go bust.Comparison of 2 web sitesFor this assignment I am going to explain, compare and contrast possibly the two most popular internet shopping sites Ebay and Amazon. Ive use both of these sites myself and have had little or no problem with either and find them both precise(prenominal) user friendly.EbayLike most of the first very big internet sites, Ebay was started by one person and a computer from a bedroom or in this case a backing room. capital of South Dakota Omidyar first created eBay (originally stood for echo bay technology but that domain name had already been taken) in 1995 to fissure a marketplace where unwanted goods or collectables could be sold online with little k directlyledge of how much a global phenomenon it would become and how many times people would attempt to replicate it. The success of Ebay rose greatly for 3 socio-economic classs in which it amassed revenues of approx $4 miollion by its third year of trading. In March 1998, Pierre and his cofounder Jeff Skoll brought in the outright multi billionaire one thousand thousand Whitman to sustain the success and take it to the next level. This proved pivotal in the world wide success of Ebay although her 9 year spell as CEO was not without controversy.Meg had studied at the Harvard Business School and had learned the importance of branding at companies such as Hasbro. Within 6 months as CEO of Ebay Whitman dour Ebay from a popular online garage sale to a multi billion dollar empire by splitting the company into 23 different business sections, a nd 35,000 hoagie categories. She made the company familiar and shares went from 7 cents a share to as high as $170 a share. This made Ebay the tech darling of the web and many tried and many failed to replicate their success. Ebay now stands at number 64 on the Forbes most powerful brands with 27,700 employees and annual sales of 11.65 billion.Ebay makes its money from a number of waysEvery time someone puts something up for sale on Ebay they have to pay an insertion fee (fee for starting an sell). Usually in the region of 55 cent for smaller to mid-priced auctions. So even if a product does not sell, Ebay will have made money. From each successful auction Ebay will also take a percentage from each sale. Advertising Companies pay to boost on their site. Google adsense and various other advertising companies use ebay to advertise companys products on the site.Paypal. Ebay own Paypal and the majority of buyers and sellers use it when making transactions on Ebay. Paypal in turn get s a cut of each transaction. In October of 2002 eBay acquired Paypal Inc. for 1.5 billion dollars. Paypal is the preferred way of making payments for eBay auctions and is growing in popularity for other Internet uses. Paypal allows a person to send or receive money via an e-mail address. Money in a Paypal account can be spent on the Internet, sent by check to the account owner, or deposited into a wedge account. Paypal also offers credit cards, debit cards, and a bill paying function.AmazonAmazon.com like ebay is one of the largest online retail websites in the world. Also like ebay it started up from one man and a computer from home but in this case, a garage, and went from a small operation to an international business employing thousands of people in a short space of time. Much the same as Ebay. People all over the world purchase books, music, movies and products from Amazon and hundreds of partner companies. Amazon.com was started by Jeff Bezos in 1994. At the time, his company was run completely from his garage in Bellevue, Washington. He was able to secure funding from Nick Hanauer. This first investment of $40,000 was joined by a larger, $100,000 investment from Tom Alburg that helped make the new website more user-friendly. Like eBay both men would probably not have turned their brand into a global force without the help of outside parties. During the first month of business, Bezos fulfilled and shipped orders to all 50 states, and to 48 countries. Books were the only product available at that time.Bezos wanted Amazon.com to be more than just a retail website he wanted to create an online community. Early on, he added a feature that enabled readers to add their own book reviews for all customers to view. In 1997, Amazon.com added movies and music to its offerings. On May 15, 1997, the company went public. The initial public offering (IPO) was targeted at $18, but by the end of the day, public demand had pushed the share price to more than $24 per shar e. The company had raised $54 million. Amazon.com is listed on Nasdaq as AMZN. In 1998, Amazon opened its first international sites in the unify Kingdom and Germany, where it quickly enjoyed success. In 1999 the company opened four order fulfillment centers in Fernley, Nevada Coffeyville, Kansas and Campbellsville and Lexington, Kentucky to handle the large mass of orders.Time Magazine have Jeffrey Preston Bezos as Person of the Year in 1999, calling him king of cyber commerce. The Look Inside the Book feature, added in 2001, was immediately popular as a beast for consumers to see if the book they were looking at would fit their needs. Later, the Search Inside the Book feature, added in 2003, made it possible for consumers to search key words in the text of the book. Amazon added Marketplace, where sellers of used books could offer products for sale with a small commission collected by Amazon. Amazon also teamed up with many companies to offer their products through the website.In January 2009, Amazon reported $6.7 billion in fourth quarter 2008 sales. The company now has centers in 12 U.S. states and eight countries. Its headquarters are in Seattle, Washington, and the company employs more than 21,000 people worldwide. In 2009 Amazon released the Kindle. The kindle is an ebook viewer that lets users download ebooks to the device and read them without physically every owning the book. Users can now also view films and connect to the internet through it. It was through the kindle that helped amazon sales increase ten fold. By 2011 amazon had recorded sales of $48 billion.There are a voltaic pile of similarities between Ebay and Amazon which I will now outline below.Both set up slightly the same timeBoth set up from home by one man and a internet connection.Both companies became very popular very quick.Both needed the addition of outside help to take it to worldwide success Both companies went public around the same time and made everyone involved overnight millionaires Both let users sell their unwanted items onlineWhere they differ is Ebay sells anything and everything, new and used and owns its payment service. Ebay doesnt sell any of its own products and relies heavily on user input, paypal and advertising to bring in income. Ebay is unique in that it actually doesnt stock any products and is selling other peoples items which it never comes in signature with. This means they dont have any overheads like warehousing rental, handling fees, shipping/transporting costs and all the labor costs that are attach with the above.If people stop buying or selling on the site, their business plan fails and will cease to exist, so keeping their brand in the public eye and keeping a positive public image is of more importance than most. Ebay has to spend a whopping $83 million a year on advertising and although this only represents 1% of revenue its still the third highest of tech companies in the modern climate. This can be viewed as an highl y proactive move but also highlights how the top brass at Ebay specify and what position the company could find itself in if not continuously in the publics mind. The annual $83 million spent on advertising is roughly double what amazon spends a year. That in itself tells you a lot about the differences between the two companys business plans. picAmazon sells books, music and film, new and used but only accepts credit card/debt card payment does not own the payment facility. Interestingly it doesnt accept paypal as a form of payment. Amazon has more arms to its business and potentially better equipped to survive if interest holds in the brand or another dot com bubble burst arises. Amazon is like any retail merchant that buys and sells a product for profit and has all of the overheads that come along with it including stock management and cost issues. Amazon has its own creation in the kindle that it manufactures wholesales and retailsitself which proves very profitable. Similar to Dell computers but without the wholesale part.SecurityEbayPaypal is renowned for its safety aspect of shopping securely online. If your paypal account has been hacked and money is taken out indeed a refund is provided by paypal. If you purchase something on Ebay trough paypal then you could be covered with buyer protection. Buyer protection can get you a refund including post and packaging costs if the item you purchase isnt working properly, not as described or simply didnt arrive. Its a second to none approach to online buying that keeps the customer coming back. If customers dont use paypal then it can prove to be a little more difficult in getting a refund and/or returning an item. Detail a few scams people do on EbaypicAmazonShopping on line with Amazon is by and large safe and secure and users often are usually very happy with its A to Z guarantee policy where by users are offered a full refund if item is not as materially described. In disputes Amazon usually sides with t he buyer.In September 22, 2010, Amazon published a security advisory regarding a security daub in its Amazon Payments SDK(software development kit). This flaw allows a malicious shopper to shop for free in web stores using those SDKs. Amazon mandated all web stores to upgrade to its new SDKs before Nov. 1, 2010. Amazon declare security researcher Rui Wang for finding this bug. The detail of the flaw is documented in the paper How to Shop for Free Online Security Analysis of Cashier-as-a-Service Based Web Stores by Rui Wang, Shuo Chen, XiaoFeng Wang, and Shaz QadeerPayment MetodsAmazon Payments accepts verified U.S. bank accounts. For the rest of the world it accepts credit cards and transfers from your available Amazon Payments account balance. Credit cards currently recognized include Visa, MasterCard, Discover, American Express, Diners Club, and JCB. You have to verify your bank account before you can use a bank account as a payment method.There are two methods of verification available Instant Account Verification and Random Deposits. To verify with Instant Account verification, you use your bank login certificate through Amazons secure website to contact your bank. Verification using this method takes only a few minutes. To verify with Random Deposits, Amazon deposits two small stochastic amounts to the checking account you specify. When the deposits are registered with your bank, you verify the amounts with Amazon. Verification using this method takes from five to seven business days.Ebay on the other hand offers many more methods of payment.Payments options for most sales arePaypal (as described above)Propay When the buyers check out, they enter their credit card information. Payment is processed immediately and sent to your ProPay account. There are fees attached similar to paypal but payment protection applies also similar to paypal.Skrill (Moneybookers) Skrill is a business that allows payments to be made through the web. The Moneybookers paymen t system offers an online deposit accounts and a low-cost, internet-based alternating(a) to traditional money transfer methods such as cheques, money ordersand wire transfers . To merchants, Moneybookers allows accepting online payments made with major cards or Skrills own online accounts. Skrill also has payment protection available and fees are attached.Paymate Similar to Paypal but it puts funds directly into the sellers bank account. Only for people in Australia and New Zealand. Payment protection available. Fees attached. whole major credit cards Payment protection available.Payment on collection payment protection available.Both companies make payment as cushy as possible but Ebay are clearly out performing Amazon in this department. They offer more payment options but I think they have to in order to make it easier and appear safer for the customer to shop on their site.Internet as a global marketThe internet like a shot has become the largest shopping centre on earth acce ssible through your computer/tablet/mobile phone at home, work or on the go. The world has gotten smaller thanks to the advancements in technology, trading online has become available to the masses with great ease. Cyber Monday is a great example of this. High street retailers are down 0.2% on last year sales for the month of November.Not a crisis by a long shot but its main competitors, the on line retailers, were up 26% year on year for the same period and the credit card firm Visa expected 6.8 million online transactions with shoppers spending 320 million on 2012s Cyber Monday alone. That alone tells you how big a market the internet has become. People can now set up a business from home on the internet and become an entrepreneur over night. They can buy products from China and sell them in Argentina within a matter of days without ever having to touch it all from behind the comfort of their computer.ConclusionEbay and Amazon are no doubt two brilliant examples of how to make a s uccess of an e-business and are global internet giants. They are both now and will be household names for years to come but Amazon have the advantage in my opinion in that they are retailers as well as middle men for online sales but more importantly they manufacture, wholesale and retail their own hugely successful product in the Kindle. If another worldwide credit crunch arises or dot com bubble bursts then no doubt Amazon is the better of the two equipped to survive.Ebay is in more danger of becoming last weeks news because the hits can drop on it easier and people can stop trading on it or using another similar web site much quicker than Amazon and it will become extinct. Through researching the two sites I now have a greater understanding of the humble beginnings of the two and how they got to where they are today. I now know and understand how the two operate and the security involved with the two. Most of all I would now feel confident in putting what I have learned into prac tise.RecommendationsEbay should try follow Amazon by getting into the production market and expand the business to future proof its self. Amazon should focal point on its strengths in the kindle and the future being the download market of movies/tv and books particularly in the market of tablets and phones.Bibliographyhttp//online-auction-sites.toptenreviews.com/The History of Amazon.com eHow.com http//www.ehow.com/about_5377195_history-amazoncom.htmlixzz2Cl25m6Ddhttp//www.creatingcustomerevangelists.com/resources/evangelists/meg_whitman.asp http//www.forbes.com/profile/meg-whitman/http//www.alternet.org/story/148629/how_meg_whitman_failed_her_way_to_the_top_at_ebay,_collecting_billions_while_nearly_destroying_the_company http//www.happynews.com/living/online/history-ebay.htmhttp//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/15/AR2008081503259.htm http//www.businessinsider.com/chart-of-the-day-ad-spending-for-tech-companies-2010-5 https//www.paypal.com/webapps/mpp/paypal- safety-and-security http//www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=537868 http//askville.amazon.com/eBay-Amazon-place-sell-stuff/AnswerViewer.do?requestId=7778359 http//www.ehow.com/about_5282606_history-ebusiness.htmlhttp//www.genuineseller.com/comparison-ebay-amazonhttp//www.domainmonster.com/editorials/dot_com_bubble/

Vintage International Essay Example for Free

Vintage International EssayI gazed at my reflection one more time. It was still serious-and what was surprising about that, since at that moment I was too? But at the same time, and for the first time in months, I distinctly heard the sound of my take voice. I recognized it as the same one that had been ringing in my ears for many long days, and I take upd that all that time I had been talking to myself. 6 Before then, Meursault took everything as fate had predestinated for him. However, the moment he began talking to himself, he changed. He became active of his own life.In the isolated prison cell, he became aware of the power of his own disposition, which was demonstrated by his rejection of the priest. For Gregor, he ate less and less, and began to drive more and more attention to his family. It was somehow giving him a pleasant feeling, despite of his starvation. For instance, when he listened to his sisters violin performance, it said, He felt as if the way were opening before him to the unknown nourishment he craved. 7 This scenario, which described Gregor getting nourishment from a feeling for his family rather than feed, marked that he no longer sought merriment by satisfying physical needs.Being isolated from the society, he began to realize his feelings for his family. Summing up the three protagonists process of realization, their isolation had somehow granted them an opportunity to realize the power of their minds. It was only then that they began to see an alternative way in obtaining joy. On their isolated islands, the protagonists gave up to achieve their happiness through physical body, but freed themselves from it instead. All three of them came to a realization that they could achieve true happiness through mind.As Ivan reviewed his day before he went to sleep, he accounted the satisfaction he had gained from the action decided by his own mind. notwithstanding of the lack of food and physical discomfort in the morning, these feelin gs of physical discontent as the mental satisfaction became greater and greater as he gained essence of himself through financial backing it. As he fell into sleep, he was very happy8. Ivans happiness was not from his physical state, but his mental state. It was his own decisions that brought him the satisfaction.His physical isolation had indeed deprived him many luxuries, yet it was the absence of these luxuries that led him to discover a happiness that could be achieved simply through mind. In the case of Meursault, he accomplished why he did not cry on his mother funeral. Isolated in his prison cell, he meditated and came to a conclusion that life was never predestined. The world was provided there as it was. If he could put down the mind forgd manacles, forget the rules of the society he was indeed a free person. Summing up his thoughts, he claimed, I felt that I had been happy and that I was happy again.9 Like Ivan, although the physical isolation pr tied(p)ted Meursault fr om many pleasure possible by body, he rig happiness by freeing himself from the values of the society. Such isolation had indeed provided him an opportunity to reflect his thoughts about life, leading to a mental happiness. As Gregor died, he discovered his love for his family, as hinted in the following passage. He thought of his family with t shutdownerness and love. The decision that he must disappear was one that he held to even more strongly than his sister, if that were possible.In this state of vacant and peaceful meditation he remained until the tower clock struck three in the morning. 10 Despite of his familys hatred towards him, he still loved them and wished his death would bring them happiness. In isolation, he dwelled in a meditation with peace. Peace implied a freedom from violence. For Gregor it would be the violence in life to satisfy his physical needs. It was at the last moment when he freed himself from his body and achieved happiness through mind. All the protag onists in the end realized that they were all free individuals on their islands.They freed themselves from the rules of the world. Those were the very moments when they achieved happiness. Concluding the three protagonists expeditions to true happiness, in isolation, they all discovered a satisfaction in the mind instead of body. While sensual stimuli were reduced to the least, they saw something beyond. One may argue that they were resigning to life in their inevitable isolation, but they had indeed grasped an alternative happiness in such isolation. Like a walk with many people holding one long stick, no man is an island. The stick connects us all.As we proceed to the front, no matter what speed we are at, we move as a whole. Yet, we take the steps by ourselves. Happiness may be realized when we see our strength in taking that step, like the Ivan, Meursault and Gregor in the three novels.Word CountA phrase from Meditation 17 by washbowl Donne in 1624 2 Alexander Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, Bantam Books, 1990. (Hereafter ODITLOID) 3 Albert Camus, The Stranger, Vintage International, March 1989. (Hereafter TS) 4 Franz Kafka, Metamorphosis, W W Norton and Sons. (Hereafter M)

To Homer by John Keats Essay Example for Free

To Homer by John Keats EssayWithin the Mythological Criticism approach, Keats illustrates the use of different archetypes, including the archetype character cause of this is illustrated in the verse So thou wast imposture but then the veil was rent, we can extrapolate that the author wants to make certain allusion to the Greek Poet Homer, who was blind and was known in his time as a figure of reality and legend, author of the Great Epics The Iliad and The Odyssey. (VIII century BC).On the other hand, Keats mentions various gods of Greek Mythology, framework we have For Jove (Zeus Jupiter) uncurtained Heaven to let thee live, And Neptune made for thee a spumy tent, and And Pan made sing for thee his forest-hive these three lines the author may want to mouth the kindness and protection that Homer should have them on Earth, Heaven and the Sea and the fear of unconsciousness. These are examples of the different Mythic Archetypes in the Poem.In addition, we can infer that the author refers to a situational archetype To visit dolphin-coral in deep seas, as an allusion to the beauty of the deep sea and the golden fish, popularly called the dolphin. Within the metrical composition is withal identified a symbolic archetype darkness / light, this archetype describes symbolic polarity between life and death Aye, on the shores of darkness there is light. The poem can be considered as an apostrophe devoted to the absence and disappearance of the poet Homer, we can also qualify it as a praise or prayer to Homer, who was peerless of the leading poets in the history of Greek Mythology

Video Game To Movie Cross Media Film Studies Essay

Video impale To Movie Cross Media Film Studies EssayFolloprofitsg the Teaser Show the benefits, its ab issue selling your service. If the service solelyows them to win money this should be clear, if its of a narrative experience then the teaser, should fox that in herent embedded into it.Reeling Them In- You need to constantly appeal to your audience and give a sense that your service is worth spending more time in. This is where meticulous planning of phased releases of story fragments across the media channels comes into its own. To some extent this is no disparate from a serial publication editor/writer who has to arc each episodes narrative to keep them coming back for more.2.2.4 Breaking the Fourth Wall Usually seen as an ad or end credit sequence where the voice over tells you why it is worth your while to carry on somewhere else with them. Breaks the fourth palisade notwithstanding is a clear directive.2.2.5 Parallel Dimension There is something on an oppo situation platform running synchronous to the one you are watching. Such as watching football on TV, while listening to Radio 5, because I prefer a more in-depth commentary. Now of course there are some(prenominal) other parallel channels. Web, mobile and TV all running along with each other. I am more and more involved with parallels between sincere and virtual worlds. The techniques to draw audiences into these experiences are often inherent in the service such that if you are on one you can positively see the other one taking place.2.2.6 On Their Own The expectation from the audience that there will be other media elsewhere drives their journey through the story. The technique here is the hardest to identify but it follows the same technique of designing a physical hunt. You hide things, dont give easy clues and then set the ground rules. They expect something on all platforms and this is where the term cross-media will compensatetually become redundant. All properties will have som ething on all platforms, the same way DVDs now all have extras. If they have enjoyed cross-media experiences from you before they will come back. It is about trust, beingness consistent and giving them a media world to play in.2.3 FranchiseA dealership is a property which involves characters, settings and trademarks of real media. This can be a learn, a piece of literature a TV program or a goggle box game. Generally, a whole series is make in a particular medium, and multiple sequels are often planned well in advance.The most famous claim to use Cross-Media Narrative is the aesthesis Wars Saga, since its creation in 1977 it still expands its universe to the present day (2010). It consists of 6 feature mental pictures, and has since been extended, to more fritter aways, radio films, books, humorous books, alive(p) TV series and as well Video Games. mavin Wars is an epic science fabrication franchise conceived by George Lucas. It is best known for its 6 feature films, th is consisted of ii trilogies, the original trilogy and then the prequel trilogy. The premiere film in the series was in the first place released on May 25, 1977, by 20th Century Fox, and it became a world(a) dadaism culture phenomenon, the film spawned two immediate sequels, released at three-year intervals. Sixteen years after the release of the first trilogys final film, the first in a revolutionary prequel trilogy of films was released, a crystallise released at three-year intervals, with the final film released on May 19, 2005.Other Media, in which the thaumaturgist Wars film series has spawned, includes books, a TV series, pictorial matter games, and comic books. All of this supplements to the film trilogies and comprises the star topology Wars Expanded Universe, which is an umbrella term for officially licensed Star Wars material outside of the six feature films and keeps the franchise issue in the interim between the film trilogies.In 2008, a 7th film was released t o theaters, Star Wars The Clone Wars and it was the first ever worldwide theatrical Star Wars film outside of the main trilogies. It was the franchises first animated film, and was created as an introduction to the TV series Star Wars The Clone Wars, a CGI animated series.Since the creation Star Wars in 1977, the franchise keeps on expanding and each type of media created still stays within the Star Wars timeline of events taking place anywhere from 25,000 years before result 1 The Phantom Menace to 140 years after Episode 6 Return of the Jedi.George Lucas retains artistic control over the Star Wars universe. For example, the death of rally characters and similar changes in the status quo must first pass his screening before authors are given the go-ahead. In addition, Lucasfilm Licensing devotes efforts to ensure continuity between the deeds of various authors across companies.George Lucas has played a large role in the production of various television projects, usually serving as storywriter or executive director producer, as mentioned in Pablo Hidalgos article From EU to Episode II Aayla Secura. Star Wars has had a number of radio adaptations, such as A New entrust which was first broadcast on National public radio in 1981(StarWars.com 2010)Since the creation Star Wars in 1977, so many different types of media have been created, even now there is currently the idea of a Blu-ray release and 3D release of the trilogies, all of this keeps the Star Wars franchise alive.As you can see the Star Wars franchise is so huge and successful it is a prime example of how cross-media narrative is used and been effective. Other successful franchises are Indiana Jones, Batman, Superman, X-Men and others. Now is this strictly for the viewers benefit or is it for financial profit for the studio. This is what I hope to find out.3 Types of Cross-MediaCurrently the main types of cross-media are TV shows that have been made into films and in addition TV shows that have cre ated webisodes. as well as I will show films that have spawned photograph games and video game that have spawned films. I will mop up all these topics in this section, giving examples of franchises that have expanded there universe, a quick example being how Batman has gone on to make films, video games, car alikens, TV series, comics etc.3.1 TV Shows made into FilmsNow and then certain TV Shows, are that successful that Films are made from the series, a good example of this is awaken and the City, and also the series Police Squad which went on to make the Naked Gun Trilogy.Sex and the CitySex and the City is an American Television series. The original run of the show was broadcast on HBO from 1998 until 2004, for a lend of ninety-four episodes.The show was set in New York City, and it focused on four American women, three of them in their mid-thirties and one in her forties. The series had multiple continuing story lines throughout episodes and seasons and it tackled socially relevant issues such as sexually transmitted diseases, safe sex, and promiscuity. It specifically examined the lives of big-city professional women in the late 1990s/ archaeozoic 2000s and how changing roles and expectations for women affected the characters.A feature film based on Sex and the City has been produced. The film originally was slated for production near the end of the broadcast series run in 2004, but the movie deal throw through at that time.The film was later released in 2008 and Michael Patrick King wrote and directed. The four lead actresses returned to reprise their roles, and Chris Noth signed to reprise his role as Mr. Big. The bandage of the film revolves rough the lives of the four main characters, four years after the time frame of the finale of the series.The films world premiere was in Londons Leicester Square in early May 2008. The film was released on May 28, 2008 in the UK and was released May 30, 2008 in the US with an unprecedented $55.7 million th ree-day pure(a). The incoming made Sex and the City the top-opening R-rated quixotic comedy of all time.Police SquadPolice Squad Was a comedy TV series which was first broadcast in 1982. The show was a spoof of police dramas, packed with visual gags and non sequiturs.Despite critical acclaim, the show was cancelled after just six episodes. However these 6 episodes were enough to gain a strong cult following through repeat broadcasts, and this led to the 1988 film translation The Naked Gun From the Files of Police Squad And two throw out sequels. Many gags from the show were recycled for the films (Roger Ebert 1988).The film The Naked Gun From the Files of Police Squad Performing well at the box federal agency, grossing around $78,756,177 (Box Office Mojo (n, d)).It became a strickle comedy, it became so best-selling(predicate) that two sequels were created The Naked Gun 2 The Smell of Fear in 1991 and Naked Gun 33 The Final diss in 1994. The Naked Gun 2 The Smell of Fear wa s considered the most successful of the three, grossing around $86,930,411(Box Office Mojo (n, d)), while Naked Gun 33 The Final Insult grossed $51,132,598 (Box Office Mojo (n, d)). Roger Ebert rated the first movie 3 1/2 out of four stars, and gave 3 stars to the two following films. The second film won a Golden Screen award for Best Picture. The creators stated this in a featurette for The Naked Gun 2 The Smell of Fear.3.2 Films made into Video GamesMost films when being created also make video games to accommodate the film. The story is usually similar to the film, we see this in crowd Camerons avatar, but this is non always the case as film such as the Indiana Jones franchise, the video games tend to have their own story, just set in the same fictional universe.AvatarJames Camerons Avatar is an epic science fiction film. The film is set in the year 2154, when humans are mining a precious mineral called unobtanium on Pandora, a lush moon of gas giant in the Alpha Centauri star system. The expansion of the mining colony threatens the continued existence of a topical anesthetic tribe of Navi, a sentient humanoid species indigenous to Pandora. The films title refers to the genetically engineered Navi-human hybrid bodies used by a team of researchers to interact with the natives of Pandora.Ubisoft Montreal was chosen by James Cameron to create an Avatar game for the film in 2007. The filmmakers and game developers collaborated heavily, and James Cameron decided to include some of Ubisofts vehicle and creature designs into the film. James Camerons Avatar The Game was released on December 1, 2009, for most home video game consoles.James Camerons Avatar The Game is 2009 is a 3rd person action video game. Speaking in an interview with MCV, It was announced by Ubisoft that it will be using the same technology as the film to be displayed in stereoscopic 3D (PSU 2009)Indiana JonesIndiana Jones is a fictional character in the Indiana Jones franchise. The characters full name is Dr. Henry Walton Indiana Jones, Jr and first appeared in Raiders of the garbled Ark in 1981, is the first of four films, and pits Indiana Jones against the Nazis, who search for the Ark of the Covenant, in an attempt to make their army invincible. The film was to be followed by Indiana Jones and the Temple of show in 1984, Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade in 1989, and Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull in 2008. Other than the films the Indiana Jones franchise has a TV series, novels, comics, video games, and other media.The character has appeared in many licensed video games the latest being Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings, which was released on June 9, 2009Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings is the third in the series of original 3D Indiana Jones games, preceded by Indiana Jones and the Emperors grave accent, and Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine.3.3 Video Games made into FilmsWhen certain video games become increasingly popular there h as always been speculation about making that game into a film. This is has happened with many games, such as grave Raider, Resident Evil, Hitman, Prince of Persia, and many others. The films may not always be true to the game but are usually a commercial success. One of the latest films that are under speculation to be made into a film is the PlayStation 3 game Uncharted.Tomb RaiderTomb Raider is a video game substantial by lens nucleus Design and published by Eidos Interactive. Tomb Raider follows the exploits of Lara Croft, an English female archaeologist in search of ancient treasures kind of like Indiana Jones. It was originally released in 1996 for the Sega Saturn followed shortly thereafter for MS-DOS and PlayStation versions. Since the release of the original in 1996, the series developed into a lucrative franchise of related media, and Lara went on to become a major icon of the video game industry. The game was commercially and critically successful, and is considered wide ly influential according to Gamespots article 15 most influential games of all time Gamespot (n. d.). It spawned a number of sequels and a franchise of related media.Six games in the series were developed by Core Design, and the latest three by Crystal Dynamics. To date two movies, Lara Croft Tomb Raider and Lara Croft Tomb Raider The Cradle of biography, have been produced starring American actress Angelina Jolie as Lara Croft.Lara Croft Tomb Raider is a 2001 adventure film which was an adaptation from the Tomb Raider video game series, as it didnt follow the same story as in the game but instead had an entirely new story. A sequel, Lara Croft Tomb Raider The Cradle of bearing was released in 2003.HitmanHitman is a stealth game developed by Danish company IO Interactive, now a division of Square Enix. The game series has since expanded into a novel, Hitman Enemy Within and in 2007 a film was released loosely based on the storyline of the games.IESB has confirmed that 20th Century Fox has hired writer Kyle Ward to pen the ledger for the sequel to Hitman (IESB 2009) . Adrian Askarieh, Daniel Alter and Chuck Gordon will return as producers. Introducing British actor David Hess and Timothy Olyphant will return as 47 in June of 2010.3.4 Films made into TV showsWhen a film has become really popular, it is often made into a TV show, to keep the story and the films universe alive. Star Wars has through this, with creating the animated TV series Star Wars The Clone Wars. Also Terminator has done this, by creating Terminator The Sarah Connor Chronicles.Star WarsStar Wars is an epic space opera house franchise, best known for its 6 feature films this consisted of two trilogies, the original trilogy and then the prequel trilogy.In 2008, Star Wars The Clone Wars was released, and it was the first ever worldwide theatrical Star Wars film outside of the main trilogies. It was the franchises first animated film, and was intended as an introduction to the series Star Wars The Clone Wars, a 3D CGI animated series based on a previous 2D animated series of a similar name made in 2003.Star Wars The Clone Wars is a 3D CGI animated television series. It is set in the fictional Star Wars Galaxy, during the same time period as the previous 2003 series. The show itself takes place from 22 BBY (Before the battle of Yavin) to 20 BBY. Each episode has a running time of 22 minutes, to fill a half-hour time slot. Season 2 premiered on October 2, 2009 and now Star Wars The Clone Wars has been granted a third season, beginning in October 2010.TerminatorThe Terminator series is a science fiction franchise encompassing a series of films and ancillary media concerning battles between Skynets artificial intelligent machine network, and John Connors Resistance forces and the rest of the human race. The Terminator is the original film which was released in 1984. The film has been followed by three sequels. The franchise has evolved to one of the most successful franchises of all time (IGN 2006), which includes video games and a TV series.From the success of the franchise, a spin-off was created titled Terminator The Sarah Connor Chronicles with Lena Headey as Sarah Connor and Thomas Dekker as John Connor. The series, created by Josh Friedman, centers on Sarah and John after Terminator 2 as they try to live under the radar after the explosion at Cyberdyne. Summer Glau plays a female Terminator protecting the Connors.The series premiered on Sunday, January 13, 2008. business for the series was provided by Terminator 2 and Terminator 3 producers and it consisted of 2 seasons. Season one with nine, 40 minute episodes, and Season two with twenty two, 40 minute episodes.The Terminator Franchise has had a measurable impact on popular culture, most notably James Camerons original films, The Terminator and Terminator 2 Judgment Day. The film franchise placed it at 17 on the top 25 greatest film franchises of all time by IGN and is also in the top 25 grossin g franchises of all time.3.5 TV Shows that have created WebisodesMany TV shows have made webisodes lately, these shows include, Heroes, Chuck, and The Office An America Workplace.HeroesHeroes, is a science fiction TV drama series by Tim Kring that tells the stories of ordinary great deal who discover extraordinary abilities, and how these abilities take effect in the characters lives. The series emulates the aesthetic style and storytelling of amusive Books, using short, multi-episode story arcs that build upon a larger, more encompassing arc.Since its beginning there have now been 4 seasons and a number of webseries. The first Heroes webseries was released on July 14, 2008 between seasons 2 and 3, called Going Postal. It was a trilogy of online-only videos introducing Echo DeMille, a seemingly ordinary mailman with an extraordinary ability.On November 10, 2008 during Season 3, the second Heroes webseries, Destiny, was released. This webseries is a quadrilogy. A Month after the th ird Heroes webseries, The Recruit, was released on December 15, 2008. The Recruit introduces Rachel Mills, a marine who survives the explosion at Pinehearst. This follows the finale of volume three. Also in that month the fourth Heroes webseries, Hard Knox, was released. Hard Knox flashes back to 18 months ago, to a time when Matt Parkman knew the villain, Knox, before his abilities began to manifest. Following Hard Knox, Nowhere Man was released in April 2009, and it picked up where the third season leaves off, focusing on the life of Eric Doyle.Then on September 28, 2009, Slow Burn began airing alongside Season 4. It showed behind-the-scenes goings-on of the Sullivan Bros. circus as it follows the character of Lydia, revealing she has a pyrokinetic daughter named Amanda who she discovers is in trouble and tries to help.ChuckChuck is an action-comedy television series created by Josh Schwartz and Chris Fedak. The show centers around the main character Chuck Bartowski an amount c omputer-whiz-next-door, who receives an encoded e-mail from an old college friend now working in the CIA the message embeds the only remaining copy of the worlds greatest spy secrets into Chucks brain. It currently has 3 seasons, and 3 webseries. It has Chuck Versus the Webisodes, which consists of 5 Buy More training videos. Meet the Nerd Herders, which also contains 5 webisodes, each video contains staff from the Buy More, giving their thoughts on specific topics. The third webseries is Morgans Vlog, which is a video blog, it has 4 parts, but the first 3 parts, are Morgan and Chuck on making a movie end a lot quicker, and the fourth episodes is Morgans view on movie villains.The Office An American WorkplaceThe Office An American Workplace is an adaptation of the BBC series, The Office a Mockumentary created by Ricky Gervais and Stephan Merchant, the series depicts the eitherday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania, branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper C ompany. To simulate the look of an actual documentary, it is filmed in a single-camera setup, without a studio audience or any canned laughter.There has currently been 6 webseries, the first being The Accountants which expose between the second and third seasons. The webisodes follow the accountants Angela, Oscar, and Kevin as they try to find out who stole $3,000 from the books.Between the fourth and fifth seasons, the summer webisode series Kevins impart was released in four weekly episodes, the first premiering on July 10, 2008. Then during the airing of the fifth season, the winter webisode series The Outburst was released in weekly episodes, the first premiering on November 20, 2008. At the conclusion of the fifth season, the summer webisode series Blackmail was released similarly to the previous two, in weekly episodes. During the sixth season, the webisode series Subtle Sexuality aired in its entirety on October 29, 2009. The series focuses on Kelly and Erin forming their own girl group, called Subtle Sexuality. The first two webisodes document the behind-the-scenes aspects and troubles of shooting the music video for their first single Male Prima Donna, while the third and final webisode is the music video itself, which features Ryan as a guest rapper and Andy singing the bridge. Also during the sixth season, the webisode series The Mentor aired in its entirety on March 4, 2010. Erin wants to be an accountant so Angela decides to train her. But, Erins relationship with Kelly turns good-for-naught when she spends too much time with Angela. Kelly and Ryan then interfere in Angela and Erins relationship.4 Financial SuccessesAfter seeing how many games are made into films and films are made into games, I wanted to see if financially it is a success. Is it worth expanding the franchise if the financial profit is not there?4.1 Game to FilmTomb RaiderLara Croft Tomb RaiderBudget $115,000,000Gross Revenue $274,703,340(Box Office Guru 2001)Tomb Raider debut ed at number one with $48.2 million, giving Paramount its second-best debut and the fourth-highest debut of 2001. It beat the opening record for a film featuring a female protagonist, and it is currently the most successful video game adaptation to date, grossing $300,000,000 worldwide.Cradle of LifeBudget $120,000,000Gross Revenue $156,505,388Despite its better refreshen, Cradle of Life suffered a disappointing opening weekend, as it debuted in fourth place with a take of $21.7 million (Box Office Mojo 2003) a 55% drop from the originals opening gross of $47.7 million (Box Office Mojo 2001). The film finished with a domestic gross of only $65 million therefore it had to rely on the foreign box office to make a profit. Its total earnings amounted to $156.5 million, which represented a loss of $118 million when compared to the success of the original the loss nearly equals the cost of Cradle of Lifes budget alone. Figures for the Tomb Raider movies come from the weekend box office w ebsites, box office mojo and box office guru.HitmanHitmanBudget $23,000,000Gross Revenue $99,965,792Hitman opened in 2,458 theaters in the United States and Canada, grossing $13,180,769 in its opening weekend, ranking fourth at the box office. As of July 2, 2008, the film has grossed $39,687,694 (Box Office Mojo (n, d) in the United States and Canada and $60,245,563 in other territories for a worldwide total of $99,933,257. The films DVD sales equal $27,858,148 in the US alone, putting the total profits for Hitman at around $128 million. The figures established from the box office data, on the website the-numbers.com4.2 Film to GameAvatarJames Camerons Avatar videogame has not been as successful as the film Ubisoft has sold over 1.3 million copies of the game worldwide across all platforms (GamerLive.TV 2010). According to Michael Pachter, video game analyst for webush securities, Ubisoft shipped 2.5 million copies of the game at launch. He also believes that with Blu-ray and DVD re leases of the movie there could be another push for the game at retail. But for the most part, the game has sold what its going to sell. He verbalise the poor reviews that Ubisofts game received distraint hardcore gamer sales.5 ReceptionsThe reception of films and video games has always been vital, as reviews can determine whether a film or game can be successful. I looked at reviews and I also did some user tests, to see if they get involved or not with cross-media so they can try to feel every part of that universe.5.1 ReviewsI shall look at reviews of the two Tomb Raider Films, Hitman film and Avatar The Game.Tomb Raider (Films)Lara Croft Tomb RaiderThe film received generally negative reviews, with rotten tomatoes giving it an approval rating of 19%, with 27 out of 140 critics giving it a positive review all with an average rating of 3.9/10 (Rotten Tomatoes (n, d)). The general consensus is Angelina Jolie is perfect for the role of Lara Croft, but even she cant save the movie from a senseless plot and action sequences with no e causeal impact. An unlikely positive review came from Roger Ebert who awarded the film three out of four stars and said, Lara Croft Tomb Raider elevates goofiness to an art form. Here is a movie so monumentally silly, yet so wondrous to look at, that only a churl could find fault. It was controversial for its many objectionable plots like an sinister thing in a Hindu temple and breaking statues of a World heritage site.Cradle of LifeCradle of Life received just about higher reviews than the original, with a 23% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 151 reviews (Rotten Tomatoes (n, d)) and a 43/100 rating on Metacritic (Metacritic (n, d)). It was described by Salon as a highly enjoyable summer thrill ride (Salon 2003). Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of four stars, stating that the film was better than the first one, more assured, more entertaining..it uses imagination and exciting locations to give the movie the same kind of pulp a dventure feeling we get from the Indiana Jones movies (Roger Ebert 2003).Cradle of Life was as heavily panned as its predecessor. Wesley Morris of the Boston Globe wrote, Its a bullet-riddled National Geographic special that produces a series of dumb, dismal shootouts that are so unhappily choreographed theres reason to believe Debbie Allen may be behind them (boston.com (n, d)).Hitman (Film)The Hitman film has been almost universally panned by critics. The most common complaints are a lacking, often confusing plot, dry acting and extreme violence. On the film review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, Hitman has received a rating of 14% based on 98 reviews (Rotten Tomatoes (n, d)). However, film critic Roger Ebert gave it three stars out of four, saying Hitman stands right on the threshold between video games and art. On the wrong side of the threshold, but still, give it credit. On the Metacritic website, the film has received a Metascore of 35 out of 100 based on 22 reviews (Meta critic (n, d)). In 2009, Time listed the film on their list of top ten worst video games movies (Time (n, d)).Avatar (Video Game)Avatar The Game has received mixed reception. It has been criticized for the games linear gameplay and said its controls are unintuitive and camera sloppy. The Wii version received mediocre scores mostly, having poor camera angling, frame rate and storytelling, but visuals and controls were spoken well of.The PC version garnered a Metascore of 65 on Metacritic (Metacritic (n, d)). On IGN, the game received a score of 5.9 for Wii, and 6.8 for the other consoles (IGN (n, d)). It got a 5.5 on Gamespot for the PC, PS3 and Xbox 360 versions, while it got a 4.0 for the PSP edition (Gamespot (n, d)).In contrast, according to Meant to be Seen (MTBS), the PC version fared much better with a rating of 8.2 out of 10. Its rationale is PC stereoscopic 3D displays are quickly available. The reviewer of MTBS said In a year or two when S-3D gaming is much more common, I really think Avatar The Game will be a regularly cited example that demonstrates how things should be done and what the artistic potential is behind good 3D gaming (MTBS 2009).Also, Gamesradar.com gave the Wii version a score of 7 out of 10, saying, Youll love that the forest world is lush and nicely realized, fun stealth-focused combat, and an overall a surprisingly decent movie tie-in. However, the site also said that, Youll hate heaps of ugly clipping control frustrations hamper its stealthy nature, and its repetitive goals (Gamesradar 2009)Indiana Jones (Video Game)Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings has received average reviews from the critics, Metacritic gave it an average of 55% (Metacritic (n, d))The most universal criticism of the Wii version is the poorly implemented and only partially responsive motion controls. IGN gave it a 5.0/10 valuate its interface, graphic effects, amount of extras, interactive levels, and varied gameplay, but criticizing its stupidly implemente d motion controls(IGN 2009). The Origin (A.V. Club) gave it an F, a 0 on the Metacritic scale, calling the motion controls unjustifiable and stating the games best aspect was the inclusion of the point-and-click adventure Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis, further adding it surpasses Staff of Kings in everything, but the Gamecube-like graphics. Gamespot gave it a 3.5/10, criticizing its terribly laid-out checkpoints, out-of-date visuals and atrocious, annoying motion controls (AV Club 2009).5.2 User TestNext is my User test, I will first outline the test, then analyse the questionnaire.5.2.1 Outline of testThe test consists of a list of questions which will be about which films, games, TV shows, and webisodes, people have seen and if they have seen or played them, because they have seen or played the original game, film, TV show and webisodes, example if you have seen the Avatar film have you played the game. I will try to get 20 people to fill out the questionnaire, and I wil l then analyse the results. Appendix5.2.2 Analysis of QuestionnaireAfter completing my examination, this was the list of my results from the questionnaire that were filled out. I list them in a defer with a 1 representing you had seen or played the media, and a 0 representing that you havent.I made the table more visual by highlighting the majority people who had watched or played both types of media from the same franchise. I highlighted the people who had watched the most (more or equal to 7), in terms of 2 of the same franchise, and I also highlighted the franchises which had been seen or played the most (more or equal to 7) this gave me a cross section of which is cross-media works best and which age group it appeals to more.After completing the testing and analyses you can see that majority of the results point at TV shows who expand their franchise, and that it is mainly 22-24 year olds who who follow the franchise. The trend in the age range seems to be if they like a show, they will follow it in different media. I will compare this to reviews to see if it is coincidence or if the reviews are generally amenable for this kind of response.5.3 Compare Reviews and User TestComparing the reviews from section 5.1 I looked at with table of results I created I have come to the conclusion, that if the review is bad then more often than not the audience wont go to watch or play that medium. The only exception I came across was Tomb Raider, in which both film reviews were poor, an average of 3.1/10, it still did increasingly well at the box office. There is even talk o

Impact of Globalisation on Terrorism

Impact of Globalisation on TerrorismWhile globalization has brought significant changes in social life, the 21st century is the main gate of violence that has led to transformations from limited effectiveness to widespread or globalised effectiveness in the globe whether it was governmentally, culturally, economically and so on. On the early(a) hand, amongst cultures and states, act of terrorism has been significantly developed and flip ones wiged in the early 21st century due to the globalization processes. Yet, terrorism has become one of the most controversial issues in the new era of the modern earth. Although it may be complicated to describe and illustrate the kin amidst globalisation and terrorism, the definition of globalisation with terrorism is widely open to incompatible subjective interpretations. However, this essay will describe and illustrate the impacts of globalisation on terrorism in the modern era of the post globalised world.According to Baylis, Smith, an d Owens, (2014), it has been outlined four different types of terrorist groups based on the source of motivation of each group. Namely, right-wing terrorists, left-wing terrorists, ethnonationalist or separatist terrorists, and religious terrorists. These types of terrorist groups ar currently acting in the world and they have different aims and ways of acting. In addition, old terrorism is vary from modern terrorism. For example, the term terrorism was first used in the French Revolution describes the use of terror and violence by government against the revolutionaries in 1789 in France (Nassar, 2010). Further more(prenominal), it was used to describe good deal who were acting individually against colonial states in the eighteenth century (Neumann, 2009). In other words, according to Giddens and W. Sutton, (2013, p.1044), Old-style terrorism is tack where there are nations without states and where terrorists are prepared to use violence to achieve their ends. However, modern te rrorism is often associated with technical advances which were brought by globalisation such as the strength of Al Qaedas network system. This terrorist organisation has become a global phenomenon due to its worldwide activities. Although the old and modern styles of terrorism have different goals, technological advances have increased the capabilities of modern terrorism due to globalisation. For instance, Al Qaeda has received a worldwide recognition after the attack on the world trade towers on 11 september 2001 (Baylis, Smith, and Owens, 2014). As a result of the events of 2001, United States of America has invaded Afghanistan in the name of the war on terrorism. Nevertheless, Some experts surround that the attacks of 2001 were policy-makingly designed by USA as a justification for stand fasting the ascendence of Soviet Union in Afghanistan (Nassar, 2010). According to Nassar, (2010, p.18), he identified terrorism associated with the globalisation processes as a semipolitic al label given to people who are perceived to be planning or carrying out acts of violence for political objectives. Naturally, the most significant change between old and new terrorism is political change associated with globalisation in order to achieve worldwide political goals. Moreover, political changes associated with globalisation have become more significant alongside technological advances for terrorist organisations in which they have utilised the advantages of globalisation for achieving their aims and influencing as much people as they can by their ideologies across their boundaries in different parts of the world.Efforts have been consumeed explain the global phenomenon of modern terrorism in three different aspects namely culture, economics, and religion explanations as stated by Baylis, Smith, and Owens, (2014). Cultural explanations for terrorism indicate that terrorist groups seek to preserve their own culture and identity from western dominance such as western se cular system. As a result, social changes associated with globalisation in the world have increased the process of cultural exchanges between nations. Hence, some cultures in underdeveloped countries are threatened of being exist by the western identity which provokes the terrorists motivation to turn to violent acts against those who seek for changes. On the other hand, economic aspects suggest that the motivation factor for terrorist groups to act violently is the lack of opportunities within their countries such as inequality in education systems. In other words, individuals who have ambitions and do not have the chances to implement their ideas due to the imbalanced systems in their countries are eventually turn to violence against their own governments to come across and interpret their demands. Although the dominance of western capitalist economies in the world aim to privatise the industries in order to provide opportunities and make competitive businesses available for indi viduals, terrorist groups call back that capitalist economies are attempting to control the global market and monopolise the opportunities in underdeveloped countries (Baylis, Smith, and Owens, 2014). Eventually, terrorist groups have inspired different terrorist organisations across the globe by these ideologies in favour of their orders (Hobsawm, 2008). However, it can be confidently said that religion is seen as the most significant motivating factor for terrorist groups, used to influence the youth of Muslims by giving them promises of rewards in the afterlife (Baylis, Smith, and Owens, 2014). In addition, terrorist groups are seeing religion as a beneficial weapon, by interpreting the word Jihad as a holy war which creates new type of terrorists called jihadi terrorists (Nassar, 2010). Despite the word jihad according to Islamic teaching means the internal fence for purity spiritually, radical terrorist groups have the opposite understanding of what the actual meaning says. F urthermore, social, cultural, technological and economic changes associated with globalisation have significantly created the world more interconnected. ground on these changes, the new global Jihad orders are obtaining political power, and implementing the Sharia law in the globe (Baylis, Smith, and Owens, 2014).Although the cultural, economic, and religious aspects give necessary explanations for global terrorism, individually, they are insufficient. However, it can be assumed that the most significant impacts of globalisation on terrorism are technological advances (Neumann, 2009). According to Baylis, Smith, and Owens, (2014), technological advances have enhanced the aptitude of global terrorist organisations in proselytising, coordination, surety, mobility, and lethality. Proselytising and Mobility are often associated with global internet and the virtual world. For instance, terrorist groups have utilised virtual methods such as the internet to spread their ideologies by pr omoting propagandas for their sympathisers in order to make the motivation more effective, and creating their own worldwide websites which allows them to influence as many individuals as they can in the globe. Technological advances associated with globalisation have been utilised by terrorist groups for planning and conducting their operations independently. In other words, they utilised the technology to plan their activities tactically and strategically in undercover operations to ensure the success of their missions. For example, the 9/11 hijackers used specific prepaid cards for communication during their attack on the world trade towers (Baylis, Smith, and Owens, 2014). On the other hand, terrorist organisation are characterized by their developed security systems. By creating surveillance techniques, terrorist cells can identify each other by specific codes, therefore no one allowed to recognise them. Despite technological advances associated with globalisation have developed modern terrorism capability in the modern era of the post-modern world, the most terrible factor is the advanced weapons. The rapid development in technologies associated with globalisation have increased the terrorist ambitions to obtain mass destruction weapons and hence it would allow fewer terrorist groups to conduct catastrophic attacks in different part of the world.Combating terrorism may be the most difficult part for experts in finding adaptive ways to resist its expansion in the modern era and most importantly in the future. For instance, one of an adaptive way by United Nation to ensure security in airlines from hijacking terrorist attacks is the adopted convention by the establish of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). The main aim of the organisation is to ensure the safe in airlines between legal multinational cooperations (Baylis, Smith, and Owens, 2014). Furthermore, it has been suggested by some experts that in order to combat the global phenom enon of terrorism in the modern era and in the future, states should establish a global unification supported by worldwide governments (Guelke, 2009). On the other hand, Some experts disagree with the term (War on Terrorism) such as the conspiracy theorists (Baylis, Smith, and Owens, 2014). Conspiracy theorists however, believe that there is a link between terrorist organisations and political changes in which these terrorist organisations aim to achieve political goals (Hobsawm, 2008). Although there are disagreements in how to deal with global terrorism, Nassar (2010), indicates that war on terrorism is an ideological war. In other words, in order to combat radical Islamic terrorist groups, Islamic states should expand the education opportunities for the youth for better understanding of the religion and improving their awareness within their boundaries.To some up, it may be difficult to predict the future internationalist security especially when it comes with the rapid changes associated with globalisation. Moreover, it is possible to say that the rapid changes associated with globalisation have significant impacts on the modern global terrorism. Similarly, modern terrorism is more dangerous than old terrorism due to the globalisation processes. In essence, it can be possibly said that globalisation may affect the future international security to some extent, and it may increase the ability of global governments to combat the future terrorism.ReferencesBaylis, J., Smith, S. and Owens, P. (eds.) (2014) The globalization of world politics An introduction to international relations. 6th edn. Oxford Oxford University Press.(Baylis, Smith, and Owens, 2014)Nassar, J.R. (2010c) globalisation and terrorism The migration of dreams and nightmares. Second Edition edn. United States of America Rowman Littlefield Publisher, INC.(Nassar, 2010)Giddens, A. and W. Sutton, P. (2013) SOCIOLOGY. 7th Edition edn. Cambridge Polity Press.Giddens and W. Sutton, (2013),Hobsbawm , E. (2008) Globalisation, democracy and terrorism. LONDON Abacus.(Hobsawm, 2008)Guelke, A. (2009) The new age of terrorism and the international political system. London I.B.Tauris Co Ltd, United Kingdom.(Guelke, 2009)Neumann, P.R. (2009) Old and new terrorism Late modernity, globalization and the transformation of political violence. Cambridge Polity Press.(Neumann, 2009)Ritzer, G. (ed.) (2007) The blackwell companion to globalization. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Accessed on 24 of February 2017

Substance Abuse of Pyrethroid

Substance Abuse of PyrethroidCase ReportKimmyben Patel , Ankitkumar B. Patel, Pokhraj P. Suthar, Kewal Arunkumar Mistry S.B.K.S. Medical Institute and Research Centre, Waghodiya,Vadodara. S.S.G. Hospital , Medical College , Vadodara leash Year Resident Doctor,Department of Radiology , S.S.G. Hospital , Medical College , Vadodara . Department of Radiology, Dr Rajendra Prasad Government medical College, Kangra at Tanda, Himachal Pradesh, India An Uncommon Substance of Abuse PyrethroidAbstractPyrethroid, an insecticide is an bizarre sum of money of abuse in Asian countries. Cholinergic and symphathetic symptoms along with psychiatric symptoms in such rare significance of abuse have not insofar been described. A 39-year-old Asian male with departed psychiatric history of methamphetamine dependence and bipolar discommode type 1, came to the requisite department because of suicidal ideation with a plan to slash his throat. The enduring was very agitated during initial assessm ent. In the emergency room (ER), the patient report that he had been using methamphetamine for the close four years. His last use was six hours before coming to the ER and that was his only use during the past six to eight weeks. His affect was flat and irritable. His urinary drug screen was supportive for amphetamines, methamphetamines, and cannabinoids. The patient reported that it would give him the same high as methamphetamine and he would occasionally have feelings of dj vu. The patient withal reported having olfactory hallucinations while using it. The patient had been using the insecticide for six to eight weeks and only utilise methamphetamine cardinal (1) day before coming to the ER. The patient had suicidal ideations apparently precipitated by his use of pyrethroid. His statements about friends using it intravenously highlight the phenomenon of an under reported substance being ab apply with little or no telltale signs by people with high risk for self-harm.Key Words Psychiatrics, Substance of abuse, PyrethroidIntroductionPyrethroid, an insecticide is an uncommon substance of abuse in Asian countries. Cholinergic and symphathetic symptoms along with psychiatric symptoms in such rare substance of abuse have not yet been described.Case HistoryA 39-year-old Asian male with past psychiatric history of methamphetamine dependence and bipolar disorder type 1, came to the emergency department because of suicidal ideation with a plan to slash his throat. The patient was very agitated during initial assessment. In the emergency room (ER), the patient reported that he had been using methamphetamine for the last four years. His last use was six hours before coming to the ER and that was his only use during the past six to eight weeks.On physical examination, temperature was found to be 98 degree Fahrenheit, pulse 116/minute, blood pressure128/78mmHg, weight 68.0 kg, and height 177 cm. His pupils were 5mm in diameter and reactive. In the review of systems, the patient denied any pulmonary, cardiac, renal, and abdominal complaints. There was no complaining of increased tearing from eyes. Lungs were clear and the heart rate was regular without murmurs. Bowel sounds were normative. The patient was not lie to time. His affect was flat and irritable. He was evasive and tangential while answering questions. A chest radiograph and electrocardiogram was normal. His urinary drug screen was positive for amphetamines, methamphetamines, and cannabinoids. Blood chemistry concentrations/counts/percent of the following analysis were mainly within reference limits alcohol The patient was transferred to the inpatient psychiatry unit. The next day, the patient was disoriented, refused to piffle to the treatment team, and slept most of the day. On his fourth hospital day, the patient was much more oriented and reported that he was unable to arrive methamphetamine for the past six to eight weeks because he could not afford it. The patient would use th e crystals formed from one bottle for four to seven days. He claimed that his friends used those crystals intravenously after diluting them. The patient reported that it would give him the same high as methamphetamine and he would occasionally have feelings of dj vu. The patient also reported having olfactory hallucinations while using it. He said that he liked the increase in heart rate and the heyday he used to get after every use. The patient reported that he would sleep most of the day when he was using it. He denied unwanted adverse effect during his use except for frequent headaches upon waking up which were relieved by over-the counter analgesics. The patient had been using the insecticide for six to eight weeks and only used methamphetamine one (1) day before coming to the ER. The patient claimed that he had been compliant with his medications for bipolar disorder until he started using it. The patient was taking divalproex atomic number 11 400mg twice daily and quetiapin e extended-release 300 mg at bedtime. He voiced that he, since a few weeks before coming to the ER, got scared that he might get cancer because of the frequent use of the insecticide which led him to have suicidal ideation. Despite the reported use for six to eight weeks, the patient had no real physical findings associated with pyrethroid abuse when he presented to the ER. The patient had suicidal ideations apparently precipitated by his use of pyrethroid. His statements about friends using it intravenously highlight the phenomenon of an under reported substance being abused with little or no telltale signs by people with high risk for self-harm.DISCUSSIONPyrethroid cause hyper-excitation by affecting sodium channels which are kept open for unusually long periods of time.1 Animal studies of pyrethroid toxicity have shown hyperglycaemia and elevated plasma levels of noradrenalin and adrenaline.2 These may account for the rush the patient experienced with use of it. Ingestion and pa renteral injection of pyrethroid in suicide attempts, occupational exposure, and accidents are well documented and have resulted in inebriation syndromes with characteristic sympathetic activation, lacrimation, hyperexcitability, choreoathetosis, and status epileptics.3. 4, 5 Reports of association of pyrethroid with parenteral drug abuse are fairly sparse. These have shown adverse effects like local erythematic, cellulites, and vasculitis.6, 7 These reported possibilitys had the pyrethroid injected either subcutaneously(popping) or intravenously usually resulting in local effects that could be noted immediately on examination. There was also association with suicidal history or ideation. Communication via phone with the National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC) was made. NPIC stated that they had no official documented cases processing pyrethroid to produce effects corresponding to methamphetamine or case reports of the use of pyrethroid as a recreational substance.There are certain limitations to this report. The anamnesis was taken from a person vile from substance abuse and bipolar disorder, the latter being untreated for the last six to eight weeks, making his credibility questionable. However, our longstanding knowledge of patients with this kind of problems in this area suggests that this patients report should not be dismissed without careful consideration. However, our longstanding knowledge of patients with this kind of problems in this area suggests that the suicidal thoughts emerge in the patient may also not be a result of the use of pyrethroid only, as the patients untreated bipolar disorder may have made him more prone to such ideation. This case report is interesting in the fact that the pyrethroid was processed so that it could be smoke-cured or inhaled to get a feeling of rush.ConclusionPyrethroid, an uncommon substance of abuse should be suspected in agricultural and developing countries in case of poisoning cases. Patient with mixe d sympathetic and cholinergic symptoms with psychiatric symptoms should be suspected for multi substance abuse. It is important for physicians to maintain a high level of distrust for alternate and uncommon substances of abuse and suicidal ideation among people who abuse these substances.FootnotesSource of support NilConflict Of Interest None declared.REFERENCES1 T.Narahashi, J.M. Frey, K. S. Ginsburg, and M. L. Roy, Sodium and GABA-activated channels as the targets of pyrethroids and cyclodienes, Toxicology Letters, vol. 64-65, pp. 429436, 1992.2 J. E. Cremer and M. P. Seville, Comparative effects of two pyrethroids, deltamethrin and cismethrin, on plasma catecholamines and on blood glucose and lactate, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 124133, 1982.3 F. He, S. Wang, L. Liu, S. Chen, Z. Zhang, and J. Sun, Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of acute pyrethroid poisoning,Archives of Toxicology, vol. 63, no. 1, pp. 5458, 1989.4 J. M. Larsen, A. Bindiger, R . Sherman, and S. H. Kuschner,Insecticide injection injuries to both hands a case report, TheJournal of Hand Surgery, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 10731075, 1992.5 S. Ghosh, A. Ahlawat, K. Rai, and A. Arora, An unusual cause of status epilepticus, Indian Journal of Critical tuition Medicine,vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 106107, 2009.6 M. A. Miller and M. Menowsky, Human intravenous injectionof -cyfluthrin with minimal toxic effects, The American Journal of parking brake Medicine, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 113.e1113.e2, 2014.7 F. LoVecchio and J. Knight, Injection of pyrethroids without significant sequelae, The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol. 23, no. 3, p. 406, 2005.

Nuclear Weapons And The Development Of Nuclear Warfare Essay -- Nuclea

Nuclear weapons atomic number 18 the most powerful and destructive technology ever created. From the first design that thermonuclear technology could be harnessed to create a go bad, massive amounts of sentence and energy (as well as government funding) have been invested in gain ground increasing the destructive yield of nuclear weapons. The process of development was carried out severally by governments worldwide. Despite the segregation of groups of scientists and secrecy surrounding their discoveries, design strategies and problems remained fundamentally the same in all development projects with similar solutions being realized much or less concurrently. The first and most basic fission bomb quickly evolved to produce higher and higher yields. Through discoveries and modifications, nuclear technology evolved to lastly produce fission-fusion weapons, which are what compose most of the nuclear arsenal today. win development, ironic as it may seem, is highly unnecessary an d unlikely (except, perhaps, to increase efficiency) payable to the ridiculous power wielded in every modern thermonuclear weapon. The ordinary modern threat of nuclear weapons is the possibility of terrorist groups acquiring the materials to produce bombs. Lo-tech nuclear weapons are feasible and would seem highly desirable for such groups to possess. The home fancier might even flirt with the idea of creating his or her own nuclear arsenal. presumptuous one could obtain 10-20kg of highly enriched fissionable material, this may not be such a romantic idea after all. There are a number of things anyone must know about nuclear weapons, however, before declaring themselves a nuclear power. Fission Weapons (Atomic Bombs)Fission weapons, or Atomic Bombs, are based on nuclear fission. Nuclear fission occurs when the nuclei of certain isotopes of heavy elements (such as uracil or plutonium) capture neutrons. The result is that the nuclei become unstable and break apart into both smal ler nuclei. This process converts some of the mass into energy and releases varying numbers racket of neutrons that go on to collide with other nuclei causing them to break apart and so on and so on. In nature this process is irrelevant collectable to the low natural occurrence and densities of radioactive isotopes. During weapons construction, however, isotopes are refined and concentrated to ultra-pure forms so that fission can occur at the ... ...can be added on. The fusion reaction can go on to start another fusion reaction and so on with unlimited yield. The most powerful weapon ever conceived was of a similar design. The Russian Tsar Bomba (King of Bombs) was a fission-fusion-fusion weapon with an additional fission chapiter surrounding the third stage that would have produced a yield of at least 100 megatons if it were ever exploded. Without the additional fission jacket it still produced the largest nuclear explosion ever at 50 megatons.Works CitedBrown, Richard K. Nucle ar Weapons Diagrams href=http//www.enviroweb.org/issues/nuketesting/ hew out/Library/Brown/index.html>http//www.enviroweb.org/issues/nuketesting/hew/Library/Brown/index.htmlNuclear Explosive Devices href=http//www.accutek.com/moistner/homepg1.htm>http//www.accutek.com/moistner/homepg1.htmSublette, Carey The highschool Energy Weapons Archive A Guide to Nuclear Weapons <a href=http//www.enviroweb.org/issues/nuketesting/hew/>http//www.enviroweb.org/issues/nuketesting/hew/The Atomic Bomb <a href=http//www.geocities.com/athens/public square/4526/index1.html>http//www.geocities.com/athens/agora/4526/index1.html Nuclear Weapons And The Development Of Nuclear Warfare Essay -- Nuclea Nuclear weapons are the most powerful and destructive technology ever created. From the first notion that nuclear technology could be harnessed to create a bomb, massive amounts of time and energy (as well as government funding) have been invested in further increasing the destructi ve yield of nuclear weapons. The process of development was carried out independently by governments worldwide. Despite the segregation of groups of scientists and secrecy surrounding their discoveries, design strategies and problems remained basically the same in all development projects with similar solutions being realized more or less concurrently. The first and most basic fission bomb quickly evolved to produce higher and higher yields. Through discoveries and modifications, nuclear technology evolved to eventually produce fission-fusion weapons, which are what compose most of the nuclear arsenal today. Further development, ironic as it may seem, is highly unnecessary and unlikely (except, perhaps, to increase efficiency) due to the ridiculous power wielded in every modern thermonuclear weapon. The popular modern threat of nuclear weapons is the possibility of terrorist groups acquiring the materials to produce bombs. Lo-tech nuclear weapons are feasible and would seem highly d esirable for such groups to possess. The home enthusiast might even flirt with the idea of creating his or her own nuclear arsenal. Assuming one could obtain 10-20kg of highly enriched fissionable material, this may not be such a romantic idea after all. There are a number of things anyone must know about nuclear weapons, however, before declaring themselves a nuclear power. Fission Weapons (Atomic Bombs)Fission weapons, or Atomic Bombs, are based on nuclear fission. Nuclear fission occurs when the nuclei of certain isotopes of heavy elements (such as uranium or plutonium) capture neutrons. The result is that the nuclei become unstable and break apart into two smaller nuclei. This process converts some of the mass into energy and releases varying numbers of neutrons that go on to collide with other nuclei causing them to break apart and so on and so on. In nature this process is irrelevant due to the low natural occurrence and densities of radioactive isotopes. During weapons constr uction, however, isotopes are refined and concentrated to ultra-pure forms so that fission can occur at the ... ...can be added on. The fusion reaction can go on to start another fusion reaction and so on with unlimited yield. The most powerful weapon ever conceived was of a similar design. The Russian Tsar Bomba (King of Bombs) was a fission-fusion-fusion weapon with an additional fission jacket surrounding the third stage that would have produced a yield of at least 100 megatons if it were ever exploded. Without the additional fission jacket it still produced the largest nuclear explosion ever at 50 megatons.Works CitedBrown, Richard K. Nuclear Weapons Diagrams href=http//www.enviroweb.org/issues/nuketesting/hew/Library/Brown/index.html>http//www.enviroweb.org/issues/nuketesting/hew/Library/Brown/index.htmlNuclear Explosive Devices href=http//www.accutek.com/moistner/homepg1.htm>http//www.accutek.com/moistner/homepg1.htmSublette, Carey The High Energy Weapons Archive A Guide to Nuclear Weapons <a href=http//www.enviroweb.org/issues/nuketesting/hew/>http//www.enviroweb.org/issues/nuketesting/hew/The Atomic Bomb <a href=http//www.geocities.com/athens/agora/4526/index1.html>http//www.geocities.com/athens/agora/4526/index1.html